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victims of human trafficking can be difficult and can further endanger the victim. Most human trafficking victims or their families have been threatened with harm if the victim reveals their exploitation. In some cases, victims from different countries or cultures don’t realize that their exploitation is unusual or criminal. Also, some human trafficking victims have bonded with their exploiter, a condition called trauma bonding that is similar to Stockholm syndrome. Voluntary Both All victims Vermont VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661. (2011) The State Department of Labor must develop and implement an education plan to raise awareness among Vermont employers about the problem of human trafficking, the national human-trafficking resource center hotline, and any other resources or services that might be available to employers, employees, and victims of trafficking. Voluntary Both All victims Washington WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009); § 18.83.090 (2009); § 18.225.040 (2009) The State Medical Quality Assurance Commission, Mental Health Counselors, Marriage and Family Therapists, and Social Workers Advisory Committee, and Board of Psychology must disseminate information on trafficking to their respective licensees (based on information from the State Office of Crime Victims Advocacy). Voluntary Both All victims 116 H. G. ATKINSON ET AL. in youth shelters and organizations assisting trafficking victims.17 Rather than dictating which persons or groups should receive the education, Tennessee broadly directs the Commissioner of Human Services to develop a plan to “prepare and disseminate educational materials and provide training programs to increase awareness of human trafficking.” 18 Voluntary or mandatory In most states (10 of 13), education is voluntary for the targeted trainees (see Table 1). Most of the laws in these states generally call for a program to be established, an oversight position to be created, and education to be provided. But they do not mandate trainee attendance.19 Education is mandatory for the designated trainees in Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey. Florida’s legislative approach is a work in progress and is illustrative of a continuing medical education approach.20 Table 2. State Human Trafficking Education Laws—Trainees. State Who Receives Training Colorado (a) Organizations that provide assistance to victims of human trafficking; (b) persons who work in or who frequent places where human-trafficking victims are likely to appear; and (c) law-enforcement agencies. Kansas Kansas employers. Louisiana (a) Local departments of social services; (b) public and private agencies and service providers; and (c) the public. Massachusetts (a) A person who is a physician, medical intern, hospital personnel engaged in the examination, care, or treatment of persons, medical examiner, psychologist, emergency medical technician, dentist, nurse, chiropractor, podiatrist, optometrist, osteopath, allied mental health and human services professional, drug and alcoholism counselor, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker; (b) a public or private school teacher, educational administrator, guidance or family counselor, child care worker, person paid to care for or work with a child in any public or private facility, or home or program that provides child care or residential services to children or that provides the services of child care resource and referral agencies, voucher management agencies or family child care systems or child care food programs, licensor of the department of early education and care or school attendance officer; (c) a probation officer, clerk-magistrate of a district court, parole officer, social worker, foster parent, firefighter, police officer; (d) a priest, rabbi, clergy member, ordained or licensed minister, leader of any church or religious body, accredited Christian Science practitioner, person performing official duties on behalf of a church or religious body, or person employed by a church or religious body to supervise, educate, coach, train or counsel a child on a regular basis; (e) in charge of a medical or other public or private institution, school or facility, or that person’s designated agent; or (f) the child advocate. Michigan (a) Police officers; (b) prosecutors; (c) court personnel; (d) health care providers; (e) social services personnel; and (f) other individuals the commission considers appropriate. Minnesota (a) Social service professionals; (b) medical professionals; (c) public health workers; and (d) criminal justice professionals. Missouri Appropriate agency officials and employees, including, but not limited to the following: (a) the children’s