The cognitive functions can be used in an unhealthy way and I will explain how. It is split into two sections, loops and grips and I will explain both. If you haven't looked at the cognitive functions of at least some of the mbti types I suggest you do that now.
Short-term loops/grips: Things caused in the moment that disappear fairly quickly
Long-term loops/grips: Things that last for longer periods of time but will eventually fade if you work on it.
Habitual loops/grips: Big things that can last your whole life and are basically part of your identity (But they don't have to be!)
Loops
A loop is when you skip over consulting the co-pilot and instead interact with the ten-year-old. This is easy to do because if you observed the set up the ten-year-old is extroverted/introverted just like the dominant function. I'll use my personality type as an example. When in a loop I will skip over my co-pilot of harmony and go to my ten-year-old of accuracy. This can cause me to become cold and distant and critical towards someone, in the end, I ended up trying to completely cut them out of my life and most of the time they won't even know why. That's only the short-term loop though. My long-term loop is basically withdrawing from society and my habitual loop is being a perfectionist. The loops are different for every personality type so I suggest you look into yours.
Grips
Grips are where you have been ignoring your three-year-old for too long and it ends up having a "Temper Tantrum." The short term is where you do something to try to get it to shut up, the long term is where you hyper-fixate on it to attempt to get it to not take control and end up having it take control, and the habitual is where the three-year-old takes control of the car and your dominant function takes a break. Here is an example of my mbti's grips. The short term is where I might become self-indulgent to try to get it to calm down, my long term is where I get super focused on staying in the present and focusing on my health where I ignore my driver, and my habitual grip is where I dull my personality out and dumb my intuitions down. That is just mine, I suggest you look into yours.