#16 ISLAMIC ART
ISLAMIC ART
In the seventh century, Islam — the religion established by the prophet Muhammad — and Islamic culture dominated the Middle East, North Africa, northern India, and Spain.
OBJECTIVES
Discuss the various influences on Islamic art.
Explain the origin of the mosque form.
Identify the features of mosques and the characteristics of Islamic pottery.
Describe the contributions of the great Islamic architect Sinan.
VOCABULARY
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ISLAM, ITS ART, AND ARCHITECTURE
A page from the Quran. Turke, 1545. — FYI online
Islam
Born in Mecca around 570, the Prophet Muhammad (also spelled Mohammed or Muhammed) grew up to be a wealthy merchant. Unhappy with his life, he withdrew from society and spent several years meditating. At the age of forty, he experienced a series of revelations and began to preach a new faith. His revelations were written down in the Quran the religious text of Islam.
The Quran is the holy scripture, the source of Muslim law and the focus of all educational practice in Islamic society. Believed to be the thoughts of Allah, the Quran has remained unchanged since 652. This fact has contributed to the continuity of Arabic for more than 1,400 years. As seen in the Quran, calligraphy contributed greatly and became an art form.
After Muhammad died, a system of caliphs was instituted to carry forth the religion and rule over its followers. Several different sects of the religion developed, including the Sunni, Shia, and Sufi. In the seventh century, Islam spread to the Persian Empire, Syria, and Egypt. During later centuries, the Turks and many people of India, Africa, and Malay embraced Islam. In 1453, the Islamic Turks under Mehmet the Conqueror conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. Today Islam is growing in Europe and America as well.
Islamic Art and Architecture
Like the Romans, who borrowed from the Greeks and Etruscans, and like the Byzantines, who borrowed from the Romans, Greeks, and Persians, the first followers of Muhammad also used the art of other cultures as a starting point for their own.
Here are some of the cultures and styles that influenced Islamic art:
Romans
Early Christians
Byzantines
The Sassanids of the Persian Empire
Turks
Mongols
Chinese
However, because it would be idolatrous, Islamic artists stayed away from representations of humans and animals. Instead they turned to patterns of geometric shapes and flowers. The rules of their religion meant that Islamic artists would have to use old influences to forge new artistic expressions.
Religious Architecture
A picture of a sahn, a Muslim building for prayer — Wikimedia
As with the Christians in Constantinople, the Islamic artists poured their creativity into creating exquisite buildings for worship. But unlike the Christians, the Muslims (or Moslems) had a built-in structure to follow, based on the original site established by the first worshippers of the religion. This site was the Prophet's own residential compound. The setup included:
an enclosed oblong courtyard with huts (the houses of Muhammad's wives) along one side wall
a zulla (originally for shade) at one end for the poorer followers.
From that foundation, the traditional mosque form is made up of a sahn, a building for prayer, and riwaqs.
You probably know that Muslims face toward Mecca when they pray. The direction is known as the Qibla. Inside the mosques, the Qibla determines the orientation and spatial organization. The Qibla is marked by a decorative mihrab within the mosque.
When the Muslims conquered Syria in 636, they transformed the basilican churches into mosques. They placed the mihrab on the southern wall and made new entrances in the northern wall. Instead of facing toward the altar, the worshippers prayed across the aisles. An enclosed courtyard with arcades at the side was added to the basilica, creating the same basic features as the first mosque at the Prophet's house.
Although long aisles were added to later designs to accommodate the growing population, the influence remained true to Islamic art's use of infinite repetition.
Consider these concepts in the images:
There are several typical features of Islamic architecture:
Minarets — tall spires that reach toward the sky
Domes — rounded tops developed from Persian and Early Christian sources
Arches — commonly the horseshoe arch that was borrowed from Roman design, but sometimes the pointed arch
Mimbar — a pulpit for preaching
Maqqsura — a screen protect the leaders of the community
A collage depicting several types of Islamic architecture — FYI online
MORE ON ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Islamic Architecture
Read the article about first Mosque of al-Aqsa at Jerusalem, which was adapted from a ruined basilica: Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem.
You will be responsible for the information in your assessment which includes the atrium of Al-Aqsa Mosque. This is known for its trees, fountains, and lawns which offer an oasis of peace and tranquility. In the atrium can be found the Dome of the Rock; a holy shrine whose outer dome was once made of lead, but is now lined with gold.
In later examples, more long aisles were added to the end of the courtyard — as in the great eighth- to tenth-century Mosque of Córdoba, Spain — and any resemblance to churches with their focus at the narrow end disappeared. Such additions were made in response to population growth, but the process of expanding the mosque is analogous to a feature characteristic of all Islamic art: the infinite repetition of patterns. Consider these concepts in the images:
There are several typical features of Islamic architecture:
minarets — tall spires that reach toward the sky
domes — rounded tops developed from Persian and Early Christian sources
arches — commonly the horseshoe archthat was borrowed from Roman design, but sometimes the pointed arch
eyvan — an open, vaulted, two-story passageway or hall, on each side of the arcades surrounding the mosque courtyard
mimbar — a pulpit for preaching
maqqsura — a screen or enclosure placed around the mihrab to protect the leaders of the community during services (developed after three early caliphs were murdered)
Sinan — A Great Islamic Architect
The famous Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul — Wikimedia
Sinan, the Ottoman Empire's greatest architect, modeled his masterpiece, the Suleimaniye Mosque, after the Hagia Sophia. Charged with building mosques in the conquered Christian city of Constantinople, Sinan's Suleimaniye remained the precedent in design throughout the reign of the Ottoman Empire. It included 138 arched windows, marble sheathing and a light, disembodied interior.
Architectural Decoration
Mosques were decorated with plaster, patterned brickwork, and tile or glazed brick and tiles. — Wikimedia
Mosques were decorated with plaster, patterned brickwork, and tile or glazed brick and tiles. Whole molded mihrab facings, composed of columnar bands of Quranic inscriptions, were made in luster faience, one of the earthenware styles used for tile. Tiles in various shapes, such as stars, were fitted together into wall panels. Mihrab coverings were made of brilliant tile mosaic.
Other Islamic architectural decoration included wood carving, occasionally inlaid with ivory — used on maqqsuras, mimbars, windows and doors, and various structural elements. Stone reliefs and marble inlays are found in buildings in Spain, Turkey, and Egypt (from the Mameluke period).
SECULAR ARTWORKS – JEWELRY, POTTERY, AND GLASS
Gold bracelet. Early eleventh century — Wikimedia Commons art by Al Musso, IRC
Jewelry
Generally the Islamic religion forbade the use of gold or silver, but when making secular artworks such as this bracelet from the "golden age" of the Islamic civilization, the artists did not always follow the rules. This gold was typically brought in from distant countries, including Ghana and Sudan.
Pottery
Luster painting, painting with a metallic solution on a fired pot, spread throughout the world and into northeastern Iran. Pots painted with this technique were often crowded with ornaments and calligraphy, while others included visual representations of poetry and heroes. Important ceramics, decorated with color patterns of turquoise, green, purple, brown, and black, were produced by the Ottoman.
Click on the link to this example: Pottery sample
Glass
Syrians produced beautiful enameled mosque lamps that have remained unsurpassed in it beauty.
Syrians used their mastery of glass creations to produce beautiful enameled mosque lamps. — Wikimedia Commons
SECULAR ARTWORKS – BRONZE WORK, MANUSCRIPT ILLUSTRATION, AND TEXTILES
An engraved bronze incense burner. — Wikimedia Commons
Bronze Work
Bronze was a favored material during this time. Ewers, basins, and candlesticks were produced in Mosul (Iraq) workshops. These bronzes were decorated beautifully with silver and gold. The detailed workmanship of the bronzers was on display in the bands of decorations, figures, and inscriptions housed on each piece.
Manuscript Illustration
De Materia Medica was written in Greek in the first century A.D. Its Arabic translation, which
included many illustrations, was built upon by many Middle Eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. — Wikimedia
Greek scientific texts, fables, and travel narratives were translated into Arabic and included miniature illustrations. Miniature painting in Muslim India had its own special development from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. It was influenced by indigenous Indian art and often depicted individual rulers and ceremonial events.
Textiles
Persian carpet. — Wikimedia Commons
In Egypt, Turkey, and most of the Islamic world, silk textiles were manufactured. Iran and Spain produced many of the finest examples between the tenth and eleventh centuries. Carpets of blue, green, and red from Turkey have an overall pattern based on natural forms; the border has an inscriptional band. Other distinctive geometrically patterned carpets were made under the Mamelukes in pale blue, red, and yellow.
LET'S REVIEW!
In this lesson, you have covered the following subjects:
the influence of earlier civilizations on Islamic art — notably Greece, Persia, and Byzantine
the adoption of Christian basilicas into mosques
the work of the great Islamic architect Sinan
the depiction of elaborate geometric and floral designs
Islamic pottery, glass, manuscript illumination, bronze and rugs
Complete the quiz before moving on.