Krok 1 – 2015 Base(Physiology)
1. If a man has an attack of bronchiospasm it is necessary to reduce the effect of vagus on smooth muscles of bronchi. What membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked for this purpose?
1. α-adrenoreceptors
2. N-cholinoreceptors
3. β-adrenoreceptors
4. α- and β-adrenoreceptors
5. M-cholinoreceptors
2. A human body cools in water much faster that in the air. What way of heat emission in water is much more efficient?
1. Convection
2. Heat conduction
3. Heat radiation
4. Sweat evaporation
3. What heat transfer mechanism is the most effective while the man being at 80% of air moisture and the temperature +350С?
1. Convection
2. Heat conduction
3. Evaporation
4. Radiation
4. As a result of long-term starvation the glomerular filtration of a man was accelerated by 20\%. The most probable cause of filtration changes under such conditions is:
1. Increased permeability of renal filter
2. Rise of systemic arterial pressure
3. Growth of filtration coefficient
4. Increase of renal plasma flow
5. Fall of oncotic pressure of blood plasma
5. A 35 year old man consulted a dentist about reduced density of dental tissue, high fragility of teeth during eating solid food. This patient suffers the most probably from the deficiency of the following mineral element:
1. Magnesium
2. Calcium
3. Potassium
4. Sodium
5. Iron
6. It was established that agglutination of the recipient’s blood erythrocytes had been caused by the standard sera from the I and II groups. Serum from the III group as well as anti-Rh serum hadn‘t provoke any agglutination. Which blood group and rhesus is allowed to be transfused this recipient?
1. AB (IV), Rh+
2. B, α (III) Rh-
3. AB (IV), Rh-
4. A, β (II) Rh-
5. 0, α,β(I) Rh+
7. A patient has a transverse disruption of spinal cord below the IV thoracic segment. What changes of respiration will it cause?
1. Respiration will become less frequent
2. Respiration will stop
3. Respiration will become deeper
4. Respiration will stay unchanged
5. Respiration will become more frequent
8. Power inputs of a boy increased from 500 to 2000 kJ pro hour. What can be the cause of it?
1. Mental activity
2. Raise of outer temperatute
3. Physical exercise
4. Food intake
5. Transition from sleep to wakefulness
9. A man took a quiet expiration. Name an air volume that is meanwhile contained in his lungs:
1. Vital lung capacity
2. Respiratory volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Residual volume
5. Functional residual capacity
10. In course of an experiment a toad’s right labyrinth was destroyed. It will cause amyotonia of the following muscles:
1. Left extensors
2. Right extensors
3. Right flexors
4. Left flexors
5. Right and left extensors
11. A student is thoroughly summarising a lecture. When his groupmates begin talking the quality of the summarising worsens greatly. What type of inhibition in the cerebral cortex is the cause of it?
1. Dying
2. Protective
3. External
4. Delayed
5. Differential
12. A cardiac electric stimulator was implanted to a 75 year old man with heart rate of 40 bpm. Thereafter the heart rate rose up to 70 bpm. The electric stimulator has undertaken the function of the following heart part:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. His' bundle fibers
3. Atrioventricular node
4. Purkinje's fibers
5. His' bundle branches
13. Examination of an isolated cardiomyocyte revealed that it didn’t generate excitation impulses automatically. This cardiomyocyte was obtained from:
1. Purkinje's fibers
2. Sinoatrial node
3. Ventricles
4. His' bundle
5. Atrioventricular node
14. A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed with insufficiency of exocrinous function of pancreas. Hydrolisis of what nutrients will be disturbed?
1. Proteins, fats
2. Proteins, carbohydrates
3. Fats, carbohydrates
4. Proteins
5. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
15. As a result of destruction of certain brainstem structures an animal has lost its orientative reflexes in response to strong photic stimuli. What structures were destroyed?
1. Vestibular nuclei
2. Black substance
3. Red nuclei
4. Posterior tubercles of quadrigeminal plate
5. Anterior tubercles of quadrigeminal plate
16. Isolated muscle of a frog is rhythmically irritated with electric impulses. Every next impulse is in a period of relaxation from the previus contraction. What contraction of the muscle appears?
1. Single
2. Asynchronous
3. Continuous(smooth) tetanus
4. Waved tetanus
5. Tonic
17. A man has normal sensitivity of his finger skin, however he doesn’t sense his wedding ring around the finger. What process induced by wearing of the ring has caused this phenomenon?
1. Development of the fibrous tissue
2. Impaired circulation
3. Receptor adaptation
4. Abnormality of the epidermis structure
5. Abnormality of the receptor structure
18. The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in the animal. What changes will take place in the innervation region?
1. Loss of temperature sensitivity
2. Loss of movements
3. Hypersensitivity
4. Loss of touch sensitivity
5. Loss of proprioceptive sensitivity
19. During preparation of a patient to a heart surgery it was necessary to measure pressure in heart chambers. In one of them pressure varied from 0 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg within one cardiac cycle. What heart chamber is it?
1. Right ventricle
2. Left atrium
3. Left ventricle
4. Right atrium
20. Examination of a 43 y.o. anephric patient revealed anemia symptoms. What is the cause of these symptoms?
1. Reduced synthesis of erythropoietins
2. Enhanced destruction of erythrocytes
3. Vitamin B12 deficit
4. Iron deficit
5. Folic acid deficit
21. A patient came to the hospital complaining about quick fatigability and apparent muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes disorder of functional receptor condition in neuromuscular synapses. What transmitter will be blocked?
1. Dopamine
2. Noradrenalin
3. Acetylcholine
4. Glycine
5. Serotonin
22. While emotional excitement the heart rate in a 30-year -old person run up to 112 Bpm. What part of the conducting system of the heart caused it?
1. His bundle branches
2. Purkinje's fibers
3. His bundle
4. Intraventricular node
5. Synoatrial node
23. According to audiometry data a patient has a disturbed perception of medium-frequency sounds. It might have been caused by a damage of:
1. Cochlear nuclei
2. Quadritubercular structure
3. Middle part of helix
4. Spiral ganglion
5. Lateral geniculate bodies
24. Blood minute volume of a 30 year old woman at rest is 5 l/m. What blood volume is pumped through the pulmonary vessels per minute?
1. 3,75 l
2. 2,0 l
3. 2,5 l
4. 5 l
5. 1,5 l
25. Examination of a pregnant woman revealed twice as much concentration of fibrinogen in blood plasm. What ESR can this woman have?
1. 10-15 mm/h
2. 2-12 mm/h
3. 40-50 mm/h
4. 5-10 mm/h
5. 0-5 mm/h
26. A patient has a decreased vasopressin synthesis that causes polyuria and as a result of it evident organism dehydratation. What is the mechanism of polyuria development?
1. Reduced tubular reabsorption of protein
2. Reduced tubular reabsorption of Na ions
3. Reduced glucose reabsorption
4. Reduced tubular reabsorption of water
5. Acceleration of glomerular filtration
27. In a healthy adult speed of the excitement conduction through the atrioventricular node is 0,02-0,05 m/sec. Atrioventricular delay enables:
1. Simultaneity of both atria contractions
2. Sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction
3. Simultaneity of both ventricles contractions
4. Sufficient force of ventricular contractions
5. Sufficient force of atrial contractions
28. An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitation impulses with frequency 60 times pro minute. What structure does this cell belong to?
1. Atrium
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Sinoatrial node
4. Ventricle
5. His' bundle
29. A concentrated solution of sodium chloride was intravenously injected to an animal. This caused decreased reabsorption of sodium ions in the renal tubules. It is the result of the following changes of hormonal secretion:
1. Aldosterone increase
2. Aldosterone reduction
3. Vasopressin increase
4. Vasopressin reduction
5. Reduction of atrial natriuretic factor
30. Vagi of an experimental animal were cut on both sides. What respiration changes will be observed?
1. It will become shallow and frequent
2. It will become shallow and infrequent
3. It will become deep and frequent
4. No changes will be observed
5. It will become deep and infrequent
31. An aged man had raise of arterial pressure under a stress. It was caused by activation of:
1. Functions of adrenal cortex
2. Sympathoadrenal system
3. Parasympathetic nucleus of vagus
4. Functions of thyroid gland
5. Hypophysis function
32. Short-term physical activity resulted in reflex amplification of heart rate and raise of systemic arterial pressure. What receptors activation was the main cause of pressor reflex realization?
1. Vascular volume receptors
2. Vascular baroceptors
3. Proprioreceptors of active muscles
4. Vascular chemoreceptors
5. Hypothalamus thermoreceptors
33. A man who went for a ride on a roundabout had amplification of heart rate, sweating and nausea. What receptors stimulation is it primarily connected with?
1. Proprioceptors
2. Tactors
3. Auditory
4. Vestibular
5. Visual
34. Stimulation of an excitable cell by the electric current has led to the depolarization of its membrane. The depolarization has been caused mainly by the following ions penetrating into the cell through its membrane:
1. Ca2+
2. HCO3-
3. Na+
4. K+
5. Cl-
35. During an experiment the myotatic reflex has been studied in frogs. After extension in a skeletal muscle its reflectory contraction was absent. The reason for it might be a dysfunction of the following receptors:
1. Nociceptors
2. Muscle spindles
3. Articular
4. Golgi tendon organs
5. Tactile
36. Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity. Which of the following indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a state of rest?
1. Respiratory volume
2. Expiratory reserve volume
3. Inspiratory reserve volume
4. Total lung capacity
5. Vital capacity of lungs
37. Introduction of a big dose of histamine to an experimental animal caused abrupt drop of arterial pressure as a result of:
1. Decrease of heart rate
2. Decrease of heart rate and force
3. Dilatation of resistance vessels
4. Constriction of resistance vessels
5. Increase of heart rate
38. A patient has a disturbed absorbtion of fat hydrolysates. It might have been caused by a deficit in the small intestine cavity:
1. Of bile acids
2. Of bile pigments
3. Of lipolytic enzymes
4. Of sodium ions
5. Of liposoluble vitamins
39. A peripheral segment of vagus nerve on a dog’s neck was being stimulated in course of an experiment. The following changes of cardiac activity could be meanwhile observed:
1. Heart hurry
2. Enhancement of atrioventricular conduction
3. Heart rate and heart force amplification
4. Heart rate fall
5. Increased excitability of myocardium
40. During the breakout of acute respiratory infection in order to diagnose influenza the express-diagnosis, based on revealing of specific viral antigen in the examined material (nasopharyngial lavage), is carried out. Which reaction is used for this?
1. Complement binding
2. Agglutination
3. Immunofluorescence
4. Precipitation
5. Opsonization
41. On blood grouping on the system ABO, standart serum of the I and II groups caused erythrocytes agglutination of the examined blood and serum group of the III didn’t. What agglutinogens are in this erythrocytes?
1. А and В
2. A
3. C
4. D and C
5. В
42. A young woman who entered a production department where it strongly smelt of paints and varnishes had a bronchospasm. This reflex was caused by irritation of the following receptors:
1. Irritant
2. Pleura receptors
3. Central chemoreceptors
4. Juxtaglomerular
5. Peripheral chemoreceptors
43. As a result of spinal-cord trauma a 33 y.o. man has a disturbed pain and temperature sensitivity that is caused by damage of the following tract:
1. Spinothalamic
2. Medial spinocortical
3. Anterior spinocerebellar
4. Lateral spinocortical
5. Posterior spinocerebellar
44. ECG of a patient with hyperfunction of thyroid gland showed heart hurry. It is indicated by depression of the following ECG element:
1. R-R interval
2. P-T interval
3. P-Q segment
4. P-Q interval
5. QRS complex
45. Examination of a 35 year old patient revealed high acidity of gastric juice. What receptors should be blocked in order to reduce it?
1. Histamine
2. α1-adrenoreceptors
3. α2-adrenoreceptors
4. β2-adrenoreceptors
5. β1-adrenoreceptors
46. Usage of oral contraceptives with sex hormones inhibits secretion of the hypophysiae hormones. Secretion of which of the indicated hormones is inhibited while using oral contraceptives with sex hormones?
1. Follicle-stimulating
2. Thyrotropic
3. Vasopressin
4. Somatotropic
5. Oxytocin
47. A 2 y.o. child has convulsions as a result of lowered concentration of calcium ions in blood plasma. It is caused by reduced function of:
1. Hypophysis
2. Adrenal cortex
3. Pineal gland
4. Parathyroid glands
5. Thymus
48. While shifting the gaze to the closely situated object the refracting power of eye’s optical mediums will increase by 10 diopters. It results from changing of such eye structure:
1. Lens
2. Liquid of the anterior chamber of eye
3. Vitreous body
4. Cornea
5. Muscle that dilatates pupil
49. After a surgery a 36-year-old woman was given an intravenous injection of concentrated albumin solution. This has induced intensified water movement in the following direction:
1. From the cells to the intercellular fluid
2. From the intercellular fluid to the cells
3. From the intercellular fluid to the capillaries
4. No changes of water movement will be observed
5. From the capillaries to the intercellular fluid
50. Punctata hemorrhage was found out in the patient after application of a tourniquet. With disfunction of what blood cells is it connected?
1. Eosinophiles
2. Lymphocytes
3. Platelets
4. Monocytes
5. Neutrophiles
51. As a result of damage to certain structures of brainstem an animal lost orientation reflexes. What structures were damaged?
1. Medial nuclei of reticular formation
2. Vestibular nuclei
3. Red nuclei
4. Quadritubercular bodies
5. Black substance
52. Voluntary breath-holding caused increase of respiration depth and frequency. The main factor stimulating these changes of external respiration is:
1. Increased tension of CO2 in blood
2. Decreased tension of CO2 in blood
3. Increased tension of O2 in blood
4. Decreased concentration of H+ in blood
5. Decreased tension of O2 in blood
53. When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect calorimetry the following results were obtained: 1000 ml oxygen consumption and 800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The man under examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
1. 1,0
2. 0,84
3. 0,9
4. 1,25
5. 0,8
54. Inhabitants of territories with cold climate have high content of an adaptive thermoregulatory hormone. What hormone is meant?
1. Cortisol
2. Glucagon
3. Insulin
4. Somatotropin
5. Thyroxin
55. Spasm of smooth muscle of bronchi developed in the patient. Usage of activators of what membrane cytoreceptors is fisiologically valid to decrease attack?
1. $\alpha$-аdrenoreceptors
2. $\beta$-adrenoreceptors
3. $\alpha$- та $\beta$-аdrenoreceptors
4. Н-cholinoreceptors
5. М-cholinoreceptors
56. Blood group of a 30 year old man was specified before an operation. His blood is Rh-positive. Reaction of erythrocyte agglutination was absent with standard sera of 0α\β(I), Аβ(II) , Bα(III) groups. The blood under examination is of the following group:
1. Аβ(II)
2. 0α\β(I)
3. АВ (IV)
4. Вα(III)
57. Long-term starvation cure of a patient resulted in diminished ratio of albumines and globulines in plasma. What of the following will be result of these changes?
1. Increase of hematocrit
2. Hypercoagulation
3. Decrease of hematocrit
4. Decrease of ESR
5. Increase of ESR
58. A patient consumed a lot of reach in proteins food that caused increase of rate of proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice. It is also accompanied by increase of rate of the following enzyme:
1. Pepsin
2. Renin
3. Gastricsin
4. Enterokinase
5. Tripsin
59. Examination of a man established that cardiac output equaled 3500 ml, systolic output – 50 ml. What is the man’s heart rate pro minute?
1. 60
2. 70
3. 90
4. 50
5. 80
60. Examination of a patient revealed overgrowth of facial bones and soft tissues, tongue enlargement, wide interdental spaces in the enlarged dental arch. What changes of the hormonal secretion are the most likely?
1. Hyposecretion of the somatotropic hormone
2. Hypersecretion of insuli
3. Hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone
4. Hyposecretion of thyroxin
5. Hyposecretion of insulin
61. The minute blood volume in a patient with transplanted heart has increased as a result of physical activity. What regulative mechanism is responsible for these changes?
1. Sympathetic unconditioned reflexes
2. Catecholamines
3. Sympathetic conditioned reflexes
4. Parasympathetic unconditioned reflexes
5. Parasympathetic conditioned reflexes
62. A clinic observes a 49 year old patient with significant prolongation of coagulation time, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, subcutaneous hematomas. These symptoms might be explained by the deficiency of the following vitamin:
1. B1
2. B6
3. H
4. K
5. E
63. Secretion of which gastrointestinal hormones is primerily decreased in patient with removed duodenum?
1. Gastrin and histamine
2. Gastrin
3. Histamine
4. Neurotensin
5. Cholecystokinin and secretin
64. Rest potential of a cell equals $-80 mV. At what stage of action potential did the membrane potential equal +30 mV?
1. After depolarization
2. After hyperpolarization
3. Reverse polarization
4. Depolarization
65. Blood analysis of a patient showed signs of HIV infection (human immunodeficiency virus). Which cells does HIV-virus primarily affect?
1. Cells that contain receptor IgM (B-lymphocytes)
2. Specialized nervous cells (neurons)
3. Proliferating cells (stem hematoplastic cells)
4. Mast cells
5. Cells that contain receptor T4 (T-helpers)
66. Accelerated frequency of the heart rate and increased blood pressure were marked in the sportsman on the start before the competitions. Influence of what parts of the CNS can explain these changes?
1. Medulla
2. Cortex of the large hemispheres
3. Mesencephalon
4. Diencephalon
5. Hypothalamus
67. Systemic arterial pressure of an adult dropped from 120/70 to 90/50 mm Hg that led to reflectory vasoconstriction. The vasoconstriction will be maximal in the following organ:
1. Brain
2. Bowels
3. Kidneys
4. Heart
5. Adrenals
68. Inhibition of alpha-motoneuron of the extensor muscles was noticed after stimulation of alpha-motoneuron of the flexor muscles during the experiment on the spinal column. What type of inhibition can this process cause?
1. Presynaptic
2. Depolarizational
3. Recurrent
4. Lateral
5. Reciprocal
69. Examination of a patient revealed a strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous activity according to Pavlov. What temperament type does the patient have (according to Hippocrates classification)?
1. Choleric
2. Phlegmatic
3. Sanguine
4. Melancholic
70. Middle part of cochlear of internal ear was destroyed in animal while experiment. It will cause abnormalities of the sound perception of the following frequencies:
1. Middle
2. High
3. High and low
4. No abnormalities
5. Low
71. The sterile Petri dishes and pipettes are necessary to prepare for microbiological tests in bacteriological laboratory. What way of sterilization should be applied in this case?
1. Tyndallization
2. Boiling
3. Pasteurization
4. Steam sterilization in autoclave
5. Dry-heat sterilization
72. Packed cell volume of a man was 40% before the trauma. What packed cell volume will be observed 24 hours after blood loss of 750 ml?
1. 45%
2. 30%
3. 40%
4. 50%
5. 55%
73. A man’s intrapleural pressure is being measured. In what phase did the man hold his breath, if his pressure is 7,5 cm Hg?
1. Forced expiration
2. Forced inspiration
3. Quiet expiration
4. Quiet inspiration
74. A man is being measured power inputs on an empty stomach, in the lying position, under conditions of physical and psychic rest at a comfortable temperature. Power inputs will reach the maximum at:
1. 3-4 a.m.
2. 2-3 p.m.
3. 10-12 a.m.
4. 7-8 a.m.
5. 5-6 p.m.
75. Surface with an intact toad on it was inclined to the right. Tone of extensor muscles became reflectory higher due to the activation of the following receptors:
1. Mechanoreceptors of foot skin
2. Vestibuloreceptors of utricle and saccule
3. Vestibuloreceptors of semicircular ducts
4. Proprioreceptors
5. Photoreceptors of retina
76.An animal has an increased tonus of extensor muscles. This the result of intensified information transmission to the motoneurons of the spinal cord through the following descending pathways:
1. Reticulospinal
2. Medial corticospinal
3. Vestibulospinal
4. Rubrospinal
5. Lateral corticospinal
77. In course of an experiment thalamocortical tracts of an animal were cut. What type of sensory perception remained intact?
1. Auditory
2. Nociceptive
3. Exteroreceptive
4. Visual
5. Olfactory
78. A 32-year-old patient consulted a doctor about the absence of lactation after parturition. Such disorder might be explained by the deficit of the following hormone:
1. Glucagon
2. Somatotropin
3. Vasopressin
4. Prolactin
5. Thyrocalcitonin
79. People adapted to high external temperatures have such pecularity: profuse sweating isn’t accompanied by loss of large volumes of sodium chloride. This is caused by the effect of the following hormone upon the perspiratory glands:
1. Vasopressin
2. Aldosterone
3. Tgyroxin
4. Natriuretic
5. Cortisol
80. Lungs of a preterm infant have areas of atelectasis (pulmonary collapse). The main cause is:
1. Diminished force of surface tension of lungs
2. Surfactant excess
3. Underdeveloped inspiration muscles
4. Increased viscous resistance
5. Surfactant deficiency
81. ECG of a patient shows prolongation of T-wave. This is caused by deceleration in ventricles of:
1. Contraction
2. Repolarization
3. Depolarization and repolarization
4. Depolarization
5. Relaxation
82. Osmotic pressure of a man’s blood plasma is 350 mosmole/l (standard pressure is 300 mosmole/l). First of all it will result in high secretion of the following hormone:
1. Aldosteron
2. Cortisol
3. Adrenocorticotropin
4. Natriuretic
5. Vasopressin
83. In course of an experiment a skeletal muscle is being stimulated by a series of electric impulses. What type of muscle contraction will arise, if every subsequent impulse comes in the period of relaxation of single muscle contraction?
1. Holotetanus
2. A series of single contractions
3. Partial tetanus
4. Muscle contracture
5. Asynchronous tetanus
84. A middle-aged man went to a foreign country because he had been offered a job there. However he had been unemployed for quite a long time. What endocrine glands were exhausted most of all in this man?
1. Substernal gland
2. Seminal glands
3. Adrenal glands
4. Thyroid gland
5. Parathyroid glands
85. Person felt thirsty after staying in heat for a long time. Signals of what receptors caused it first of all?
1. Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus
2. Baroreceptors of aortic arch
3. Osmoreceptorsof the liver
4. Sodium receptors of hypothalamus
5. Glucoreceptors of hypothalamus
86. A 17-year-old boy fell seriously ill, body temperature rose up to $38,5^0С$, there is cough, rhinitis, lacrimation, nasal discharges. What kind of inflammation is it?
1. Catarrhal inflammation
2. Hemorrhagic inflammation
3. Suppurative inflammation
4. Fibrinous inflammation
5. Serous inflammation
87. A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the admission-diagnostic department with uterine bleeding. What are the most likely changes of blood?
1. Increase of haematocrite rate
2. Reduction of haematocrite rate
3. Leucocytosis
4. Leukopenia
5. Polycythemia
88. A patient staggers and walks astraddle. He has hypomyotonia of arm and leg muscles, staccato speech. In what brain section is this affection localized?
1. Motor cortex
2. Putamen
3. Cerebellum
4. Red nucleus
5. Caudate nucleus
89. As a result of continuous starvation the glomerular filtration rate has increased by 20\%. The most probable cause of the glomerular filtration alteration under the mentioned conditions is:
1. Increase in the permeability of the renal filter
2. Increase in the systemic arterial pressure
3. Decrease in the oncotic pressure of blood plasma
4. Increase of the filtartion quotient
5. Increase of the renal blood flow
90. In response to a change in body position from horizontal to vertical blood circulation system develops reflectory pressor reaction. Which of the following is its compulsory component?
1. Systemic constriction of the venous vessels
2. Systemic dilatation of the arterial resistive vessels
3. Decrease in the circulating blood volume
4. Increase in the heart rate
5. Weakening of the pumbing ability of heart
91. To anaesthetize the manipulation related to burn surface treatment, a patient was intravenously injected a medication for short-acting narcosis. 1 minute later the patient being under anaesthesia had increased blood pressure, tachycardia, increased tone of sceletal muscles; reflexes remained. After awakening the patient had desorientation and visual hallucinations. What medication was the patient injected?
1. Thiopental sodium
2. Nitrous oxide
3. Sombrevin
4. Ketamine
5. Diethyl ether
92. A 35 year old man got an injury that caused complete disruption of spinal cord at the level of the first cervical segment. What respiration changes will be observed?
1. No changes will be observed
2. Diaphragmal respiration will be maintained, thoracic respiration will disappear
3. Thoracic respiration will be maintained, diaphragmal respiration will disappear
4. It will become infrequent and deep
5. It will come to a standstill
93. While determining power inputs of a patient’s organism it was established that the respiratory coefficient equaled 1,0. This means that in the cells of the patient the following substances are mainly oxidized:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats
4. Proteins and carbohydrates
5. Carbohydrates and fats
94. On experiment on the dog the peripheral part of nervus vagus of the neck was irritated. What changes of the heart function would be observed?
1. Decreased contraction rate
2. Increased myocardial excitability
3. Increased contraction force
4. Increased contraction force and rate
5. Increased atrioventricular conduction
95. A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l. What influence will be exerted on the transcapillary water exchange
1. Filtration will be decreased, reabsorption – increased
2. Filtration will be increased, reabsorption – decreased
3. Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased
4. Exchange will stay unchanged
5. Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased
96. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased for 20% due to prolonged starvation of the person. The most likely cause of filtration changes under this conditions is:
1. Increase of penetration of the renal filter
2. Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood plasma
3. Increase of systemic blood pressure
4. Increase of filtration coefficient
5. Increase of renal plasma stream
97. Due to cranial trauma the patient developed the symptoms: intention tremor, dysmetry, adiadochokinesis, dysarthria. What structure of the brain is injured?
1. Pale sphere
2. Motor cortex
3. Striatum
4. Cerebellum
5. Black substance
98. A doctor asked a patient to breath out fully after taking a normal breath. What muscles contract during such exhalation?
1. External intercostal muscles
2. Diaphragm
3. Trapezius muscles
4. Abdominal muscles
5. Pectoral muscles
99. A patient with disturbed cerebral circulation has problems with deglutition. What part of brain was damaged?
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Cervical part of spinal cord
4. Brainstem
5. Interbrain
100. Which muscle contraction will be observed in the upper extremity during holding (not moving) a load in a certain position?
1. Excentric
2. Isotonic
3. Isometric
4. Auxotonic
5. Concentric
101. The temperature of the ambient environment is $38^oC$ and relative air humidity is 50\%. What ways of heat emission provide maintaining a constant temperature of the human body?
1. Evaporation
2. Heat conduction
3. Convection
4. Radiation
5. Convection and conduction
102. A patient who has been treated with diazepam on account of neurosis complains of toothache. Doctor administered him an analgetic, but its dose was lower than average therapeutic dose. What phenomenon did the doctor take into account while prescribing the patient an underdose?
1. Potentiation
2. Cumulation
3. Drug dependence
4. Summation
5. Tolerance
103. A patient after hypertension stroke does not have voluntary movements in his right arm and leg with the increased muscle tone in these extremites. What type of disfunction of nervous system is it?
1. Central paresis
2. Peripheral paralysis
3. Peripheral paresis
4. Central paralysis
5. Reflex paresis
104. Due to activation of ion channels of external membrane of excitable cell it’s rest potential has significantly increased. What channels were activated?
1. Fast calcium channels
2. Potassium channels
3. Slow calcium channels
4. Natrium channels
5. Natrium and calcium channels
105. The person has decreased diuresis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia. Hypersecretion of what hormon can cause such changes?
1. Aldosterone
2. Adrenalin
3. Vasopressin
4. Auricular sodiumuretic factor
5. Parathormone
106. A 60-year-old patient presents with weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Which of the following foodstuffs would stimulate peristalsis most of all?
1. White bread
2. Brown bread
3. Meat
4. Lard
5. Tea
107. In course of an experiment a skeletal muscle is being stimulated by a series of electric impulses. What type of muscle contraction will arise, if every subsequent impulse comes in the period of shortening of the previous single muscle contraction?
1. Holotetanus
2. Asynchronous tetanus
3. A series of single contractions
4. Partial tetanus
5. Muscle contracture
108. To prevent long-term effects of 4-day malaria a 42-year-old patient was prescribed primaquine. On the 3-rd day from the begin of treatment there appeared stomach and heart pains, dyspepsia, general cyanosis, hemoglobinuria. What caused side effects of the preparation?
1. Genetic insufficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
2. Decreased activity of microsomal liver enzymes
3. Delayed urinary excretion of the preparation
4. Cumulation of the preparation
5. Drug potentiation by other preparations
109. Child asked you to puff up the balloon as much as possible for a one exhalation.What air volume will you use?
1. Total volume of the lungs
2. Inspiration volume
3. Vital volume of the lungs
4. Backup volume of the inspiration
5. Functional residual volume
110. During an experiment the dorsal roots of the spinal cord of an animal have been cut. What changes will be observed in the innervation zone?
1. Decrease in muscle tone
2. Loss of motor functions
3. Sensitivity loss
4. Increase in muscle tone
5. Sensitivity loss and loss of motor functions
111. A man weighs 80 kg, after long physical activity his circulating blood volume is reduced down to 5,4 l, hematocrit makes up 50%, whole blood protein is 80 g/l. These blood characteristics are determined first of all by:
1. Increased protein concentration in plasm
2. Increased circulating blood volume
3. Increased dieresis
4. Increased number of erythrocytes
5. Water loss with sweat
112. A patient has delayed conduction of excitement through the atrioventricular node. What changes of ECG will be observed?
1. Prolongation of Q-S interval
2. Prolongation of P-Q interval
3. Negative T wave
4. S-T-segment displacement
5. Prolongation of Q-T interval
113. Workers of a hothouse farm work under conditions of unfavourable microclimate: air temperature is +37oC, relative humidity is 90%, air speed is 0,2 m/s. The way of heat emission under these conditions will be:
1. Radiation
2. Heat conduction
3. All the ways
4. Convection
5. Evaporation
114. Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated in course of an experiment. As a result of it the excitement conduction from atria to the ventricles was brought to a stop. It is caused by electrophysical changes in the following structures:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. His' bundle
3. Ventricles
4. Atrioventricular node
5. Atria
115. After destruction of CNS structures an animal lost orientative reflexes. What structure was destroyed?
1. Lateral vestibular nuclei
2. Red nucleus
3. Black substance
4. Quadrigeminal plate
5. Medial reticular nuclei
116. A man presents with increased heart rate, mydriatic pupils, dry mouth. This condition results from the activation of the following system of function regulation:
1. Sympathetic
2. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
3. Metasympathetic
4. Vago-insular
5. Parasympathetic
117. Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended by blood that resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor upon kidneys:
1. Renin
2. Aldosterone
3. Vasopressin
4. Angiotensin
5. Natriuretic hormone
118. In course of an experiment a peripheral section of vagus of an expiremental animal is being stimulated. What changes will be observed?
1. Heart rate fall
2. Pupil dilation
3. Heart hurry
4. Bronchi dilation
5. Increase of respiration rate
119. Intrapleural pressure is being measured in a person. In what phase has a person hold his breath if the pressure is – 25 cm H2O?
1. Calm inspiration
2. Speed up expiration
3. Speed up inspiration
4. Calm expiration
120. There is only one hormone among the neurohormones which refers to the derivatives of amino acids according to classification. Point it out:
1. Vasopressin
2. Melatonin
3. Thyroliberin
4. Oxytocin
5. Somatotropin
121. The high level of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes concentration showed the increase of LDH-1 and LDH-2 in a patient’s blood plasma. Point out the most probable diagnosis:
1. Viral hepatitis
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Myocardial infarction
4. Skeletal muscle dystrophy
5. Acute pancreatitis
122. A 2-year-old child experienced convulsions because of lowering calcium ions concentration in the blood plasma. Function of what structure is decreased?
1. Hypophysis
2. Adrenal cortex
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Pineal gland
5. Thymus
123. A man was intoxicated with mushrooms. They contain muscarine that stimulates muscarinic cholinoreceptors. What symptoms signalize intoxication with inedible mushrooms?
1. Increased heart rate
2. Bronchi dilatation
3. Myotic pupils
4. Rise of arterial pressure
5. Mydriatic pupils
124. A pregnant woman had her blood group identified. Reaction of erythrocyte agglutination with standard serums of 0α\β(I), Bα(III) groups didn’t proceed with standard serum of Aβ(II) group. The blood group under examination is:
1. 0α\β(I)
2. Вα(III)
3. АВ (IV)
4. Аβ(II)
125. X-ray examination discovered lungs emphysema in the patient. What is the reason of short breath development in this case?
1. Increased lungs elasticity
2. Inhibition of respiratory center
3. Decreased lungs elasticity
4. Excitation of respiratory center
5. Decreasing of alveoli receptors sensitivity
126. Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated during an experiment. This caused reduction of heart rate due to the intensification of the following process (through the cell membrane of cardiac pacemaker):
1. Potassium ion entry
2. Calcium ion yield
3. Calcium and potassium ion yield
4. Calcium ion entry
5. Potassium ion yield
127. An individual is characterized by rounded face, broad forehead, a mongolian type of eyelid fold, flattened nasal bridge, permanently open mouth, projecting lower lip, protruding tongue, short neck, flat hands, and stubby fingers. What diagnosis can be put to the patient?
1. Supermales
2. Down's syndrome
3. Klinefelter's syndrome
4. Alkaptonuria
5. Turner's syndrome
128. An isolated muscle fiber is under examination. It was established that the threshold of stimulation force became significantly lower. What is the cause of this phenomenon?
1. Activation of potassium channels of membrane
2. Activation of sodium channels of membrane
3. Inactivation of sodium channels of membrane
4. Block of energy production in the cell
5. Inactivation of potassium channels of membrane
129. Patient with hypersecretion of the gastric juices was recomended to exclude from the diet concentrated bouillons and vegetable decoctions because of their stimulation of gastric secretion. What is dominating mechanism of stimulation of secretion in this case?
1. Stimulation of gastrin production by G-cells
2. Irritation of mechanoreceptors of the oral cavity
3. Irritation of taste receptors
4. Irritation of mechanoreceptors of the stomach
5. Stimulation of excretion of secretin in the duodenum
130. A hypertensive glucose solution was introduced to a patient. It will intensify water movement:
1. From the intercellular liquid to the capillaries
2. There will be no changes of water movement
3. From the intercellular liquid to the cells
4. From the cells to the intercellular liquid
5. From the capillaries to the intercellular liquid
131. During influenza epidemic 40% of pupils who didn’t go in for sports were affected by the disease, and among the pupils who regularly did physical exercises this index was only 20\%. What adaptative mechanisms determined such a low sickness rate of pupils participating in the sports?
1. Biochemical adaptation
2. Physiological adaptation
3. Specific adaptation
4. Genetic adaptation
5. Cross adaptation
132. ECG study showed that the T-waves were positive in the standard extremity leads, their amplitude and duration were normal. The right conclusion would be that the following process runs normally in the heart ventricles:
1. Contraction
2. Depolarization
3. Relaxation
4. Excitement
5. Repolarization
133. On examination of the person it was revealed that minute volume of heart is 3500mL, systolic volume is 50 mL. What is the frequency of cardiac contraction?
1. 70 bpm
2. 50 bpm
3. 60 bpm
4. 90 bpm
5. 80 bpm
134. Respiratory coefficient was studied in the patient who strictly kept certain diet for 10 days. It was determined that it is 1. What diet does the patient follow?
1. With domination of fat and carbohydrates
2. With domination of proteins and fat
3. Mixed
4. With domination of carbohydrates
5. With domination of proteins and carbohydrates
135. Heart rate of a man permanently equals 40 beats pro minute. What is the pacemaker?
1. Sinoatrial node
2. His' bundle
3. His' bundle branches
4. Purkinje's fibers
5. Atriventricular node
136. A 60-year-old man after cerebral hemorrhage felt asleep for a long time. Damage of what structure caused this state?
1. Hippocampus
2. Nuclears of the cerebral nerves
3. Cortex of the large hemispheres
4. Reticular formation
5. Black substances
137. Students who are taking examinations often have dry mouth. The mechanism that causes this state is the realization of the following reflexes:
1. Conditioned parasympathetic
2. Unconditioned parasympathetic
3. Conditioned sympathetic
4. Unconditioned sympathetic
5. Unconditioned peripheral
138. A patient has a haemorrhage into the posterior central gyrus. What type of sensitivity on the opposite side will be disturbed?
1. Visual
2. Auditory and visual
3. Auditory
4. Olfactory
5. Skin and proprioceptive
139. Parents of a 10 y.o. boy consulted a doctor about extension of hair-covering, growth of beard and moustache, low voice. Intensified secretion of which hormone must be assumed?
1. Of somatotropin
2. Of oestrogen
3. Of testosterone
4. Of progesterone
5. Of cortisol
140. A 16 year old boy after an illness has diminished function of protein synthesis in liver as a result of vitamin K deficiency. It will cause disturbance of:
1. Anticoagulant generation
2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
3. Blood coagulation
4. Osmotic blood pressure
5. Erythropoietin secretion
141. In the experiment on the animal the part of the cerebral cortex hemispheres was removed. It caused elimination of previously formed conditioned reflex to the light irritation. What part of the cortex was removed?
1. Occipital cortex
2. Postcentral convolution
3. Temporal lobe
4. Precentral convolution
5. Limbic cortex
142. Examination of a patient revealed hyperkaliemia and hyponatremia. Low secretion of which hormone may cause such changes?
1. Vasopressin
2. Cortisol
3. Aldosteron
4. Natriuretic
5. Parathormone
143. Purulent endometritis developed in a woman after delivery. Treating with antibiotics inhibitors of murein synthesis was ineffective. Wide spectrum bactericidal antibiotic was administered to her. In 6 hours temperature rapidly increased up to $40^0C$ with shiver. Muscle pains have appeared. BP dropped down to 70/40 mmHg. Oligura has developed. What is the main reason for the development of this condition?
1. Anaphylactic shock
2. Toxic effect of preparation
3. Internal bleeding
4. Bacteremia
5. Endotoxic shock
144. A lightly dressed man is standing in a room, air temperature is +14oC, windows and doors are closed. In what way does he emit heat the most actively?
1. Heat radiation
2. Evaporation
3. Perspiration
4. Convection
5. Heat conduction
145. The preventive radioprotector was given to a worker of a nuclear power station. What mechanism from the below mentioned is considered to be the main mechanism of radioprotection?
1. Activation of oxidation reactions
2. Increasing of tissue blood supply
3. Prevention of tissue’s hypoxia
4. Inhibition of free radicals formation
5. Increasing of respiration
146. Due to action of electric current on the exitable cell there appeared depolarization of it’s membrane. Movement of what ions through the membrane caused depolarisation?
1. Na+
2. НСО3-
3. К+
4. Сl-
5. Са2+