DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS

IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

An encounter with phenomena and ideas

The course introduces us to basic concepts, subjects, and methods of inquiry in the disciplines that comprise the Social Sciences. It then discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relates these ideas to the Philippine setting and current global trends.

"We live in a world that may either make us or break us."

LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is the study of the nature of language and its structure. Language is the system of communication where it allows people to communicate, express, and understand their thoughts, feelings, and ideas across time and space. Linguistics has three principal components which are: the SOUND that studies human speech (phonetics) and sound systems of languages (phonology), STRUCTURE studies language structure from its root words (morphology) and sentence structure (syntax),and MEANING studies meanings of words or phrases (semantics) and use of language (pragmatics).

-Source: https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/why-major-linguistics

Simply put, linguistics is the study of language, how it works, how it is acquired, and how people use it to communicate. Although linguists are often interested in and can speak a variety of languages, linguists know more about how language works, rather than having the ability to speak and understand multiple languages.

One of the personalities in linguistics is Panini of India who was first credited to study the language. He was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology.

Linguistics helps us understand our world

Every language is like a one-of-a-kind species. It captures unique conceptualizations of the world and has its own ways of constructing words, phrases and sentences for communicating ideas. As we compare the words and structures of various languages, we come to a greater understanding of the world we live in. Apart from simply understanding the intricacies of world languages, this knowledge can be applied to improving communication between people, contributing to translation activities, assisting in literacy efforts, and treating speech disorders. And, of course, linguistics training is also valuable for studying and learning languages.

As HUMSS learners, linguistics will help us answer these questions: what is the role of language in the human mind? What is the origin and evolution of human language? How do languages change over time? How could we understand better our culture through language?

Linguistics helps us empower people

Because language captures how we perceive the world around us and how we relate to one another, it defines who we are. Our first language, or the “mother tongue” we grow up with, is the one we use to express what is in our hearts; it is our heart language. Many minority-language communities are marginalized because of their cultural background, or because their heart language is not the language of power.

PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind, behavior, and personality, it includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. A professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social-behavioral or cognitive scientist.

-Source: Fernald LD (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

One of the famous psychologists that we learned in our DISS subject is Sigmund Freud, who is known for his Theory of Psychosexual Development, which is a central element of psychoanalytic sexual drive theory. Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure-seeking energies from the id became focused on certain erogenous areas or the area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation. The five psychosexual stages are the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital. Being unsatisfied at any stage can result in a fixation or a persistent concentration of libidinal energies and being satisfied can result in a healthy personality.

Applied psychology is the use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience. By many accounts, psychology ultimately aims to benefit society. Some of the areas of applied psychology include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, evolutionary psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, neuropsychology, forensic psychology, and medical psychology. The majority of psychologists have also included some therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school setting. The limits of psychology are social desirability, desire, politics, counseling, and the desire of the therapist.

GEOGRAPHY

Geography is the study of the Earth and the people living here react to it. It shows the study of interaction within resources and physical features. In this study, you will know how people react on its society and the environment. The relation between the Earth and Human. Geography is concerned with the study of Culture, Community and Interaction with the environment by studying their relations and place.

-Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/what-is-geography/

It includes Urban Planning, Regional Planning, Spatial Planning, Regional Science, and Planetary Science. First are Urban Planning, Regional Planning, and Spatial Planning these three are used in determining the way on how to develop the land to make sure that the given criteria and procedures are being followed. Second, Regional Science focuses on solving problems, specifically urban, rural, or regional, third, Planetary Science studied objects ranging in size that focuses to find out their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations, and history.

ERATOSTHENES

Known as the father of Geography, he is also the first man who ever able to measure and calculate the size of the Earth and the distance of Earth from the Sun. He created the famous Earliest Map of the world between 276-195 BC.

ECONOMICS

Economics is the study of how society uses its limited resources. Economics is a social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses heavily on the four factors of production, which are land, labor, capital, and enterprise. These are the four ingredients that make up economic activity in our world today and can each be studied individually.

At its core, economics is the study of how individuals, groups, and nations manage and use resources.

-Source: Economics Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.

Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value to explain relative differences in market prices. This theory stated that the value of a produced economic good can be measured objectively by the average number of labor hours required to produce it.

The purpose of applied economics is to improve the quality of practice in business, public policy, and daily life by thinking rigorously about costs and benefits, incentives, and human behavior.

Economics taught us about how organization and its market behave, but we also gained insight into our own spending habits and values.

Much of economic theory is based on assumptions of how people behave rationally, but it’s important to know what to do when those assumptions fail. Learning about cognitive biases that affect our economic decision-making processes arms us with the tools to predict human behavior in the real world, whether people act rationally or irrationally.

SOCIOLOGY

Sociology, social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them.

-Source: The American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2011. "sociology." Dictionary.com. Random House. Retrieved 07 June 2021.

When we studied Sociology, it helped us look more objectively at our society and other societies. It directed attention to how the parts of society fit together and change, as well as made us aware of the consequences of that social change. We are faced with an ever increasingly complex and rapidly changing social milieu in modern industrial-bureaucratic societies.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) The Father of Sociology that proposed Positivism Where the potential of social scientists to work toward the betterment of society.

Applied sociology and sociological practice date to the nineteenth century. Working to ensure social science is communicated to individuals and groups that can use and benefit from it, applied sociology has expanded in the modern era. It may also involve working with community-based organizations, social movements, or public agencies, to produce new knowledge.

--Source: ilbert, Nigel; Troitzsch, Klaus (2005). "Simulation and social science". Simulation for Social Scientists (2nd ed.). Open University Press.

" Meaning is made in conversation, reality is made in made in communication, and knowledge is generated through social interaction. Language is the vehicle through which we create our understanding of the of the world." -- Diana Whitney

"A child raised on a desert island, alone, without social interaction, without language, and thus lacking empathy, is still a sentient being." -- Daniel Dennett

RATIONAL CHOICE

Rational choice theory can apply to a variety of areas, including economics, psychology, and philosophy (Lohmann, 2008 ). This theory states that individuals use their self-interests to make choices that will provide them with the greatest benefit. People weigh their options and make the choice they think will serve them best.

Philosopher William Stanley Jevons was an English economist who applied the principles of rational choice theory in political economy. Jevons was one of the first to advance the theory of marginal utility, which sought application in determining and understanding consumer behavior.

Economics and business: Rational choice theory can explain individual purchasing behaviors.
Politics: Rational choice theory can be used to explain voting behaviors, the actions of politicians, and how political issues are handled.
Sociology: Rational choice theory can explain social phenomena. This is because all social change and institutions occur because of individual actions. Addiction treatment.

Generally, rational choice theory can be used to identify addiction motivations and provide substance alternatives that are equally beneficial to patients.

DEMOGRAPHY

A branch of social sciences that study of human populations, their structure and change (through births, deaths, and migration).

-Source: The Science of Population". demographicpartitions.org. 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

Thomas Malthus

-We remember Malthus as the one who discussed how the population growth would inevitably lead to the increase in consumption of products required for human being. Although this theory seems simple and obvious for today, it was controversial during this time since the sentiment toward population growth was linked to progress.

There are two types of data collection, these are:

DIRECT METHOD - census is one of the direct method of collecting demographic data.

INDIRECT METHOD- survey is the method of collecting demographic data.

HISTORY

It is the study of past events. People know what happened in the past by looking at things from the past including sources like (books, newspapers, and even letters) and artifacts (like pottery, tools, and human or animal remains). And other things that consider in the past, past years events.

Source: Joseph, Brian; Janda, Richard, eds. (2008) [2004]. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4051-2747-9.

HERODOTOS

-A Greek historian known to be Father of History. He presented his accounts by providing geographic and ethnographic information which was in part provided to him by people he had interviewed. He remains the leading source of original historical information not only for Greece between 550 and 479 BCE but also for much of Western Asia and Egypt at that time.

SIGNIFICANCE

-Significance is a process of determining the past of historical event to be include in a narrative Lord Harington. Proposed the most notable models and he was the one who promoted a six part criteria.

Lord Harington Six Part Criteria

1.The people thought that the event was important during that time.

2.The event affect lot of people.

3.It led to other important events.

4.It still affect attitude and beliefs.

5.It affected people for a long time.

6.It affected people deeply.

SALAKOT

Usually, it is a dome-shaped or cone-shaped headgear used by traditional Filipinos.

One kind of Philippines traditional windows.

POSO

In the Philippines, katutubo (native Filipinos) were using using this as a source of their water because faucet were still not popular.

FEMINISM

Feminism is a theory that seeks equality between the sexes, political, and social spheres. Its primary concern is to address the oppression of women and the patriarchal structure in society. Feminism as an approach has consistently evolved in three waves: the first wave came about in the 19th and early 20th centuries which concerned the political equality of women, rights for representation in society, and choose their profession. The second wave began during the 1960s-1990s that focused upon social and economic equality of women in society defending equal rights and equal pay for women in the workplace. The third wave sees "feminine" as a collection of resources to enhance femininity and women continue to fight for their right to individuality in whatever form or shape it takes.

-Source: Brunell, Laura; Burkett, Elinor. "Feminism". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2021.

Mary Wollstonecraft

We recall one of the most important theorists in feminism argued that human rights should be granted to women as well, advocated for women's education, and promoted women's rights to pursue their profession. Her views were in direct opposition to the French Revolution, which proclaimed human rights but seemed to apply them selectively to the male gender only. Having a good education is a must. Education and a profession, she believed were the keys to women's liberation from domestic confinement.

On the other hand, An-ti feminism opposed women's rights to vote, hold public office, and pursue higher education. Other feminism critics are feminists themselves who see feminism.

ANTHROPOLOGY

The term anthropology comes from the Greek words anthropos (human) and logos (study). This etymology relates to the scope of anthropology as a discipline, which includes everything about humans from their biological and evolutionary past, to way of life and traditions that they uphold.

-Source: Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

Edward Burnett Tylor

-The father of anthropology. He defined anthropology as the "science of culture", which was the first time that culture had been declared as an object of study.

FESTIVALS

an occasion usually held to celebrate religious events. Cultural performance, exhibitions, or competitions are being performed.

FESTIVAL or FIESTA

is a typical celebration of every community. Philippines is usually celebrating festival or fiesta to give thanks to the blessings that they have received. or celebrate the birthday of their Patron.

INSTITUTIONALISM

Institutionalism is an approach that emphasizes the role of institutions. It also an important redistributive role in the economy where they make sure that resources are properly allocated, ensure that poor or those with fewer economic resources are protected.

-Source: https://sk.sagepub.com

Walton Hamilton

The term Institutionalism and Institutional economic were coined in 1919. In an article in the American Economic Review, he presented the case that institutional economics was the economic theory.

Sociologists have concluded that five primary institutions are essential in the development of society. These are the following:

Family
Economy
Religion
Education
State

FAMILY

a group of people united by marriage, blood, or adaptation, and is usually living in one household.

ECONOMY

an institution that is responsible for the wealth and resources of the country. This includes the production and consumption of goods and services.

RELIGION

is the basis of society in the fact that it gives people the opportunity to choose what they would like to believe in, and give individuals a sense of identity. It also helps in explaining the unknown that cannot be explained by scientists.

SCHOOL

an institution built to provide learning space and learning environment for children.

STATE

a group of people bound together by political power. It is usually the economy's facilitator of social and economic development.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political science is defined as the study ofpolitical power relations, behavior, and activities as we as systems of government from a domestic, international, and comparative perspective.

-Source: The Evolution of Political Science (November 2006). APSR Centennial Volume of American Political Science Review. Apsanet. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

For more information about Political Science, explore the page of Politics and Governance.

CONGRATULATIONS!

You have reached the end of this page.

GO BACK PAGE 1

8 SPECIALIZED SUBJECTS

NEXT PAGE 3

DIASS

Page updated

Google Sites

Report abuse