M3302: Hui Chinese 

As surprising on the surface as it is to find G-M3302 (FGC5089 & M406) in Shangdong Province, China (literally on the shores of the Yellow Sea), it is not as shocking as it might seem.  G-M406 populations in China are a logical result of a series of documented population movements over the past 3,000 years.

There is ample evidence of G-M3302's (FGC5089 & M406) Bronze Age concentration in Central Anatolia.  Additionally, it is hard to argue its assumed post-Bronze Age-collapse spread into Armenia, the Caucuses, Iran, the Western Aegean, and the Syro-Hittite states.  As the great empires of the Iron Age reasserted, entrenched, and expanded control of vast territories, the G-M3302 signature (FGC5089 & M406) was clearly positioned geographically to be distributed by their economic, military, and political mechanisms.  The colonies of Greece & Phoenicia, the Persians, Macedonians, Romans, and later Byzantines, Islam, and the Mongolians all functioned in some regard as conveyor belts of population movement which helps to explain the modern distribution of G-M3302 (FGC5089 & M406).

According to the sampling data from 23MoFang and the estimated Chinese Hui population of 10.6 million we can estimate about 70,000 males carrying the G-M406 signature in China.  Additionally, the data estimates about 13,000 males carrying the G-M3302 signature.  23MoFang utlized the data from 2,553 Hui Chinese samples filtered without close relatives on the site (essentially eliminating duplicate YDNA samples from the same families).  

All 5 Hui G-M3302 testers actually belong to a much deeper subclade found only (for now) in Shangdong Province.  The actual clade is G-M3302>M3422>M3240>M3336>FT203871>FT27194>MF344148.  The split at FT27194 occurred about 500 BC as estimated by TheYTree.  The sister branch to MF344148 is FT203848 currently represented by the Paradine family of England.  If anything, this split could represent a division between two lines around the time of the Persian Empire, where one line is absorbed into the Persians/Abbasid orbit, while the other was likely involved in migration processes into Europe inspired by the Greco/Roman world.

Only one tester MF344148  Gai of Fei County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, had a NextGen Y-Chromosome test.  The other testers were merely found to also have the MF344148 SNP.  Testing another one of these testers might help indicate when the signature arrived in Shangdong Province.  Increased sampling, particularly in Xinjiang Province in western China, could possibly shed light on the date when MF344148 first entered China.  Given the history of the Hui, this date is likely as early as 700 AD and as late as 1300 AD.

Of note, one of the testers claimed they were "descended from the Xianbei soldiers who fought in the east and west of China." (祖上鲜卑军人，东征西战。).  Xianbei control of China lasted from 93 AD –234 AD.  More evidence would be needed to prove such a connection.

Likely spread of G-M3302 from Anatolia to China:
-Anatolian migration into Iraq/Iran post BA Collapse
-Persian/Abbasid Caliphate
-Silk Road/Mongolian importation of foreigners into China as soldiers/administrators.
-Attraction to political/economic centers of power.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

17/2553 = 0.66% of Hui Population: G-P287 > G-P15 > G-M406 (total)

7/2553 = 0.27% of Hui Population: G-P287 > G-P15 > G-M406*

I: Surname: Buay. G-M406*.  Location: Shunhe Hui District, Kaifeng City, Henan Province

II: Surname: Ma. G-M406*.  Location: Songzi City, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province

III: Surname: Jin. G-M406*.  Location: Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, Shandong Provinc

IV: Surname: Jin. G-M406*.  Location: Taishan District, Taian City, Shandong Province

V: Surname: Jin. G-M406*.  Location: Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province

VI: Surname: Jin. G-M406*.  Location: Daiyue District, Tai'an City, Shandong Province

VII: Surname: Sun. G-M406*.  Location: Yu County, Yangquan City, Shanxi Province

2/2553 = 0.08% of Hui Population: G-P287 > G-P15 > G-M406 > G-M3317 > G-PF3293

I: Surname: Wang. G-PF3293.  Location: Shanhaiguan District, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province

   Surname: Wang. G-PF3293.  Location: ?

II: Surname: Jin. G-PF3293.  Location: Tongzhou District, Beijing Municipal District

3/2553 = 0.12% of Hui Population: G-P287 > G-P15 > G-M406 > G-M3317 > G-M3302

"There are a large number of Jin clans of the Hui nationality living in Xiaojinzhuang, Jinan, Shandong. Most of the Hui people in this area are said to have moved in from Dahuaishu, Hongdong County, Shanxi, and so is the Jin clan. The big locust tree of Wamenlou in Panjie moved to Shandong. The ancestors were Jinhua and Jinrong brothers. They first lived in Pengjiazhuang (northeast of Xiaojinzhuang) in Changqing County. Later, they had conflicts with neighboring villages. As far as Liushuzhuang, Nanjing, a branch of Jinhua stayed in Pengjiazhuang, and then gradually moved to the area of ​​Xiaojinzhuang. May Er Ling Si Guang Xiu Xi Yin" as the character generation. The Jin family in the lower reaches of G-M3302 is dominated by the Hui nationality, concentrated in Jinan and Tai'an, and is more likely to correspond to the Jin family. The Jin surname of the Hui people is mainly derived from the Arabic scripture name and given surname of the ancestors. In ancient times, "Ibrahim" was translated as "Yibu Lajin", so later generations took Jin as their surname. This branch of the Jin family is closely related to the Hui nationality, but the source and other details need to be further researched and confirmed. The formation and development history of the family, the differentiation of each branch, and the distribution of descendants still need more users to participate in the "paternal depth detection" to refine the genealogy tree for further confirmation."

I: Surname: Gai.  G-MF344148.  Location: Fei County, Linyi City, Shandong Province.  Theytree: AU46089

II: Surname: Jin.  G-MF344148.  Location: Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province

III: Surname: Jin.  G-MF344148.  Location: Tai'an City, Shandong Province

    Surname: Jin.  G-MF344148.  Location: Xintai City, Tai'an City, Shandong Province

    Surname: Jin.  G-MF344148.  Location: Taishan District, Taian City, Shandong Province

5/2553 = 0.20% of Hui Population: G-P287 > G-P15 > G-M406 > G-M3317 > G-L14

I: Surname: Yang.  G-Z17887>G-L645>G-Z42373.  Location: Dongcheng District, Beijing Municipal District

II: Surname: Parizad (Persian origin).  G-Z17887>G-L645>G-PH1471.  Location: Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

III: Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Linyi County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Xicheng District, Beijing City

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Xicheng District, Beijing City

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Xicheng District, Beijing City

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Yucheng City, Dezhou City, Shandong Province

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Dongxiang Autonomous County, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province

     Surname: Ma.  G-L14.  Location: Linyi County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province

IV: Yu** Genetic marker G-L14 Wangjiang County, Anqing City, Anhui Province

V. Mirizat (Al-Mizra - Persian?) Genetic marker G-L14 Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Bayingoleng Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Non Hui G-M406 (Possible Hui Origin)

Surname: Wan. G-L14.  Location: Tongzhou District, Beijing Municipal District

Surname: Wan. G-L14.  Location: Shuangqiao District, Chengde City, Hebei Province

Surname: Wan. G-L14.  Location: Shuangqiao District, Chengde City, Hebei Province

Surname: Cai. G-L14.  Location: Qingshan District, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Surname: Wang. G-M406*.  Location: Xicheng District, Beijing City

Surname: Wu. G-M406*.  Location: Jing County, Hengshui City, Hebei Province

Surname: Bai. G-M406*.  Location: Chaoyang District, Beijing City

Surname: Yang. G-M406*.  Location: Midu County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Surname: Yang. G-M406*.  Location: Jun County, Hebi City, Henan Province

Ughyer

Surname: Albulati. G-L14.  Location: Shule County, Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Hui Wikipedia

"Hui people descend from Han Chinese and Silk Road immigrants. Their ancestors were of primarily East Asian and Central Asian origin, with some Middle Eastern ancestry from ethnic groups such as Arabs and Iranians, who spread Islam.  6.7 percent of Hui peoples' genetics have a Middle Eastern origin,[9] however most Hui samples have very similar characteristics to other East Asian populations, revealing a common genetic makeup.[10] They show significant genetic homogeneity with the Han Chinese population in Linxia and with other East Asian populations rather than European or Middle Eastern, supporting a simple cultural diffusion as the origin of the Hui in China.[10] Several medieval Chinese dynasties, particularly the Tang, Song and Mongol Yuan Dynasties, encouraged immigration from predominantly Muslim Central Asia, with both[which?] dynasties welcoming traders from these regions and appointing Central Asian officials. In subsequent centuries, the immigrants gradually mixed with the Han Chinese, eventually forming the Hui."

23MoFang Research (2/1/2021)

The total population of the Hui people is about 10.59 million (data from the Sixth National Census). They are distributed in all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government. The distribution is most concentrated in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Gansu, Xinjiang and other places also have large-scale settlements.

23 Mofang Research Department has [analyzed] the data of the Hui ethnic group in [its] database, and looked at the paternal type and ethnic origin of the Hui ethnic group in China. 

[Analysis Methodology]: Calculate the genetic relationship of all the samples filled in as "Hui". If there is a 2-3 level genetic relationship relative pair in the sample, choose to keep one of the male samples; if there is a 2-3 level genetic relationship Relatives whose ethnicity is not Hui nationality are regarded as having recent cross-ethnic intermarriage, and this sample is excluded. Thus, 2553 samples of Hui males without close relatives and no recent history of cross-ethnic intermarriage were obtained, and statistics were made on this basis.

Genetic Origins and Sex-Biased Admixture of the Huis 

"The Hui people are unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that they speak the same language as Han Chinese (HAN) but practice Islam. However, as the second-largest minority group in China numbering well over 10 million, the Huis are under-represented in both global and regional genomic studies."

"Modeling admixture history indicated that NXH experienced an episode of two-wave admixture. An ancient admixture occurred ∼1,025 years ago, reflecting the intensive west–east contacts during the late Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. A recent admixture occurred ∼500 years ago, corresponding to the Ming Dynasty. Notably, we identified considerable sex-biased admixture, that is, excess of western males and eastern females contributing to the NXH gene pool. The origins and the genomic diversity of the Hui people imply the complex history of contacts between western and eastern Eurasians."

"To investigate whether there was a sex-biased admixture in the history of NXH, we compared the admixture results obtained from autosomes, X chromosome, mtDNA, and Y chromosome. We estimated the admixture proportion assuming two major ancestral components, that is, western and eastern (fig. 3 and supplementary tables S2 and S3, Supplementary Material online). The estimated genetic contribution of the western ancestry into NXH was 8.6% for autosomes, 5.9% for X chromosome, 3.6% for mtDNA, and 39.3% for Y chromosome, respectively. The results of Y chromosome and mtDNA were consistent with the previous studies (Yao et al. 2004; Wang et al. 2019; Xie et al. 2019). Additionally, though the difference in genetic contribution was small, there was a significant difference in admixture proportions between autosomes and X chromosome (Student’s t-test, P < 107−10−7⁠). This pattern was consistent across different regions in Ningxia (fig. 3C). These results indicated that the admixture of NXH was sex biased to the combination of Eastern females and Western males."

DECEMBER 26, 2022 BY RAZIB KHAN