The seminal study thus far regarding our ancient male ancestors and their closest cousins comes to us from the article Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus.
All those who carry SNP G-FGC5089 (including those of us in M3302) descend from a man born around 6,000 BC (according to YFULL 9.01). All those who carry downstream SNP G-M3302 descend from his descendant born about 4,700 BC (according to YFULL 9.01).
This particular study sequenced many ancient samples from a variety of ancient sites in the area and found the oldest known samples related to our subclade. The implications of the study can't be overstated as it helps to pinpoint the origins of G-FGC5089 and thanks to genomic analysis by Ted Kandell is a smoking gun for the origin of G-M3302. Of course this information then has great implications for the greater G-M406 population as well.
Of particular interest are two early bronze age settlements in Central Anatolia. Remember when analyzing ancient samples, their SNP portfolios are often incomplete as only fragments of the YDNA survive. Therefore we look at what SNPs the samples do contain and what they don't. So it's not as though we can just take an ancient skeleton and run a BIG Y-700 on them. We have to take what information we can get and be careful extrapolating it.
Çamlıbel Tarlası
A small short-lived ancient settlement very close to where the ancient city of Hattusa would later arise. The site never comprised more than three to five houses at any one time. There were three short periods of human settlement, however the site was visited seasonally. Evidence of agricultural and metallurgical practices, as well as cattle and pig raising. Fragments of copper ore, slag, and crucibles as well as nearby deposits of copper also give clues to the sites importance. Thanks to noted G researcher Ted Kandell for additional SNP analysis.
Sample CTB005: M406+ Z41194-
Skeleton: 6-8 year old child buried in a pit grave.
Estimated Age: 3630 BCE-3377 BCE
Global25: TUR_Camlibel_Tarlasi_LC:CBT005__BC_3465__Cov_44.59%,0.106994,0.161469,-0.046763,-0.094316,-0.005847,-0.031794,0.00752,-0.002308,-0.007158,0.022233,0.012991,0.003297,-0.013677,0.01156,-0.03203,-0.007027,0.013299,0.003801,-0.003394,-0.010255,-0.00287,0.003833,-0.014543,0.000361,-0.003233
Sample CTB013: FGC5089+ Z41194- Z17887-
Note: Many negative FGC5081 subclades which indicates a strong possibility for M3302. Especially considering it was found in same area as CBT-014.
Skeleton: 6-8 year old child buried in a pit grave.
Estimated Age: 3638 BCE-3536 BCE
Global25: TUR_Camlibel_Tarlasi_LC:CBT013__BC_3576__Cov_46.11%,0.108132,0.152329,-0.052797,-0.088179,-0.005232,-0.037092,0.00376,-0.005307,-0.015953,0.029158,0.01023,0.008542,-0.014271,0.001376,-0.021172,0.01074,0.030901,-0.002787,0.010559,0.010755,0.004118,0.001607,-0.004807,-0.006145,-0.00958
Sample CTB014: M3302+ (BY21762+)
Skeleton: 4-5 year-old buried in a pit grave.
Estimated Age: 3640 BCE-3385 BCE
More on this specific skeleton can be found here.
Global25: TUR_Camlibel_Tarlasi_LC:CBT014__BC_3568__Cov_61.69%,0.108132,0.1635,-0.04714,-0.078489,-0.008309,-0.029005,-0.001645,-0.008538,-0.013703,0.019499,0.001299,0.002847,-0.014866,0.004954,-0.012486,-0.007823,0.014603,-0.000127,0.005531,-0.002876,-0.000125,0.008779,0.008011,-0.004097,0.002994
Sample CTB015: M3302>G-FTA76587
Skeleton: 3 month infant buried in a jar.
Estimated Age: 3643 BCE-3522 BCE
Global25: TUR_Camlibel_Tarlasi_LC:CBT015__BC_3575__Cov_55.24%,0.106994,0.148267,-0.064111,-0.081396,-0.010156,-0.030399,0.005875,-0.013615,-0.019839,0.03098,-0.005034,0.003747,-0.0055,0.007019,-0.02348,-0.000265,0.022948,0.001267,-0.000377,0.003252,0.00025,0.011747,-0.008504,-0.003374,0.003952
İkiztepe
Ancient settlement on twin mounds overlooking the Black Sea, Near Samsun, Turkey. Settled from the early Bronze Age until the early Hittite period. Some suggest the settlement was located on the edge of the Black Sea at the time it was settled. The people of Ikiztepe were dependent on agricultural but the pastoral lifestyle may have also played a key role. Thanks to noted G researcher Ted Kandell for additional SNP analysis.
Context: is a 35 to 40-year-old male, extending south to north, scattered. The skeleton was found complete. Grave goods include a spearhead and a frit necklace. The following pathologies were detected on the remains: three healed depression traumas on skull, both healed and unhealed fractures on carpals and phalanges, healed green stick fractures on three ribs, small sized auditory exostoses on both ear holes, mild osteoarthritis on carpals and metacarpals, Schmorl’s nodes on thoracic and lumbar vertebra, two dental caries on upper posterior dentition, small amount of calculus, linear enamel hypoplasia on both upper and lower anterior teeth.
Sample IKI037: M406+ M3317+
Note: Upstream from FGC5089, not enough coverage to determine anything more specific.
Skeleton: 35-40 year-old male.
Estimated Age: 3631 BCE -3520 BCE
Global25: TUR_Ikiztepe_LC:IKI037__BC_3546__Cov_8.88%,0.106994,0.156392,-0.056945,-0.098515,-0.015387,-0.032072,0.01034,0.014999,-0.027611,0.01877,0.003897,0.000899,-0.007433,0.018166,-0.005836,-0.036595,-0.006519,0.010769,0.005279,-0.012881,0.003743,-0.003462,-0.001109,-0.003856,0.016166
Arslantepe
Site in South Central Turkey near Syrian border. Developed a state system toward the end of the 4th millennium. In the earlier phases of this period (Arslantepe Period VII, 3900-3400 BCE) contacts with Central Anatolia are also evidenced. The moment of proper state development (Arslantepe Period VI A, 3400-3200 BCE) is revealed by the foundation of a palace complex with a sophisticated bureaucracy and control over the economy of the populations, which shows a increase in contacts with Mesopotamia proper, but also with other mountainous regions of North-Central and North-Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus (Frangipane, 2012b). Thanks to noted G researcher Ted Kandell for additional SNP analysis. This period was prior to the widespread burning and destruction which preceded the appearance of Kura-Araxes culture pottery. Later Arslentepe would become the seat of the Issuwa kingdom, before being incorporated into the Hittite Empire.
Sample ART014: PF3293>FT102004>FT102049
Skeleton: Cranium from male individual.
Estimated Age: 3492 BCE-3119 BCE
Burial: S216 is a simple pit containing a collective burial of human remains belonging to a minimum of 16 individuals. The pit is partly sealed by a VI B2 floor surface and cuts VI B1 levels of occupation of Arslantepe.
Global 25: TUR_Arslantepe_LC:ART014__BC_3305__Cov_66.26%,0.097888,0.159438,-0.048649,-0.090763,-0.001231,-0.033746,-0.00517,-0.009692,0,0.018224,0.011205,-0.005545,-0.001933,-0.00234,-0.015201,0.004773,0.022556,-0.00152,0.002137,0.005503,0.003868,0.00272,-0.003451,-0.001084,-0.001676
Sample ART024: M406+ PF3285+
Note: Upstream from FGC5089, not enough coverage to determine anything more specific.
Skeleton: Temporal bone from male individual.
Estimated Age: 3497 BCE-3352 BCE
Burial: S216 is a simple pit containing a collective burial of human remains belonging to a minimum of 16 individuals. The pit is partly sealed by a VI B2 floor surface and cuts VI B1 levels of occupation of Arslantepe.
Global 25: TUR_Arslantepe_LC:ART024__BC_3434__Cov_62.46%,0.100164,0.151314,-0.048271,-0.099484,0.009848,-0.034304,0.000705,-0.006923,0.000409,0.019681,0.003897,-0.001199,-0.00223,0.003165,-0.019137,0.001989,0.02021,-0.003547,0.00352,0.005878,0.004742,-0.004822,-0.002095,-0.006748,-0.005628
Sample ART027:
PF3293>FT102004>FT102049
Skeleton: Cranium from male individual.
Estimated Age: 3369 BCE-3103 BCE
Burial: S216 is a simple pit containing a collective burial of human remains belonging to a minimum of 16 individuals. The pit is partly sealed by a VI B2 floor surface and cuts VI B1 levels of occupation of Arslantepe.
Global 25: TUR_Arslantepe_LC:ART027__BC_3240__Cov_15.07%,0.108132,0.140143,-0.062979,-0.070414,-0.02185,-0.02259,0.006345,-0.013615,-0.027406,0.007836,0.006658,0.01094,-0.019772,-0.004817,-0.012758,0.005569,0.021513,-0.001647,0.003394,0.002251,0.003743,-0.000495,-0.009613,-0.006989,-0.000958