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Major Functions
Major Functions
Gamete production
Oogenesis, spermatogenesis
Fertilization
Hormone production
Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
Male and Female Anatomy
Male and Female Anatomy
Urethral Structures
Urethral Structures
Male urethra (prostatic → membranous → spongy): Transports semen from ejaculatory ducts to the outside of the body. Long, around 20cm.
Female urethra (length, function, location): Around 4 cm, carries urine, located superior to the vaginal opening.
Comparison (function + anatomy): Male urethra transports urine and sperm, female urethra is around 4cm.
Gonadotropin Release
Gonadotropin Release
A. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
A. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
Hypothalamus releases: GnRH
Anterior pituitary releases:
FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH: Luteinizing Hormone
B. Male Effects
B. Male Effects
FSH → Sustentacular cells secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)
LH → Interstitial cells produce testosterone
C. Female Effects
FSH → Tells ovaries to grow follicles, and stimulates estrogen production
LH → Estrogen production and stimulates ovulation
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Testicular Anatomy
Testicular Anatomy
Seminiferous tubules → Spermatogenesis
Epididymis → Stores sperm until maturity
Vas deferens → Transports sperm to the urethra
Spermatic cord → Highway that carries blood and sperm to and from the testes
Accessory Glands
Accessory Glands
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
A. Ovarian Maturation Process
A. Ovarian Maturation Process
Primordial follicle → Primary follicle→ Secondary follicle → Graafian follicle → Ovulation
Corpus luteum function: Produces estrogen and progesterone
Ovarian and Uterine Cycle
Ovarian and Uterine Cycle
Sexual Function and the ANS
Sexual Function and the ANS
Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Pregnancy and Fetal Development
A. Hormonal Maintenance of Pregnancy
A. Hormonal Maintenance of Pregnancy
Sequence the hormonal support:
Corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain lining → Thickens the uterine lining with blood and nutrients
Early embryo releases hCG, which rescues the corpus luteum → Produces high levels of progesterone, estradiol, and relaxin, to maintain uterine lining
Placenta forms and takes over progesterone production → Ensures pregnancy continuation by preventing uterine contractions, supporting fetal development and stopping menstruation
Key Developmental Steps
Key Developmental Steps
C. Fetal Heart Development & Circulation
C. Fetal Heart Development & Circulation
When does fetal heart activity begin? → Around 8 weeks
Key differences from adult circulation:
Shunt between the left and right atria of the heart so blood can bypass the lungs (foramen ovale)
Shunt between aorta and pulmonary artery s blood can bypass the lungs(ductus arteriosus)
Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta (umbilical vessels)
D. Pregnancy Testing
D. Pregnancy Testing
Hormone used to confirm pregnancy: Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
Source of this hormone: Placenta
Review Questions
Review Questions
Compare the urethras in male vs females
Compare the urethras in male vs females
Male urethras are around 18cm-20cm and carry urine and sperm. Female urethras are much shorter (3cm-4cm) and carry only urine.
What do FSH and LH do in each sex?
What do FSH and LH do in each sex?
Males- Trigger testosterone and sperm production
Females- Egg development, ovulation, and sex hormone release
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Spermatogeneis- Occurs in the testes, production is from puberty throughout life, produces motile sperm
Oogenesis- Occurs in ovaries, production begins in early fetal development, produces non motile oocyte
Describe the ovarian cycle and how it relates to the uterine cycle
Describe the ovarian cycle and how it relates to the uterine cycle
The ovarian cycle prepares an egg for release, while the uterine cycle prepares the uterus lining. They run parallel to each other regulated by FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone to potentially host a pregnancy and ending in menstruation if pregnancy does not happen.
Explain how pregnancy is maintained throughout the first trimester
Explain how pregnancy is maintained throughout the first trimester
The fertilized egg produces hCG, which signals the ovary’s corpus luteum to ramp up progesterone and estrogen. As the placenta forms, it then takes over progesterone, estrogen, and hCG production.
When does the fetal heart begin beating?
When does the fetal heart begin beating?
Around 8 weeks of gestation
How does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation
How does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation
Blood flow bypasses lungs due to shunts such as the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosis.
What hormone confirms pregnancy?
What hormone confirms pregnancy?
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
What is the key developmental step that starts embryonic formation?
What is the key developmental step that starts embryonic formation?
Fertilization which is when the sperm and egg come together to form a zygote.
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