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Anatomy of the Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
How many chambers are there? What are they called?
There are 4 chambers of the heart; right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
What is the entry point to each chamber called?
The entry point to each chamber are the AV valves. Otherwise known as the tricuspid and bicuspid valve
How does blood enter the heart?
Through the inferior and superior vena cava from systemic circulation. And through the pulmonary veins from pulmonary circulation.
How does blood leave the heart?
Blood leaves for systemic circulation from the aorta, and for pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary arteries.
Pathway of Bloodflow
Pathway of Bloodflow
Systemic circulation→ Superior & Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium→ Tricuspid Valve → RIght Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins→ Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Systemic circulation
Systemic circulation- Carries oxygenated blood from the left heart to the body and then back to the right heart
Pulmonary ciruclation- Carries deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs and then back to the left heart
Electrical Conductivity of the Heart
Electrical Conductivity of the Heart
SA node- Initiates and regulates the heartbeat through electrical impulses. Passes the electrical signal to the AV node
AV node- Delays impulse for atrial contraction. This allows ventricles to fill. Passes impulse to Bundle of His
Bundle of His- Conducts impulse through septum to the Bundle Branches
Bundle Branches- Carries impulse to ventricles and then to the Purkinje Fibers.
Purkinje Fibers- Cause ventricle contraction
EKG Wave
EKG Wave
P wave- Atrial depolarization
QRS wave- Ventricular depolarization
P wave- Atrial repolarization
BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
Thick, elastic, high pressure
Pulse points; risk for aneurysm
Veins
Veins
Carry blood to heart
Thin, valves prevent backflow
Varicose veins, DVT risk
Capillaries
Capillaries
Exchange nutrients & oxygen
One-cell-thick walls
Site of diffusion, filtration, reabsorption
3 Components of Blood
3 Components of Blood
Blood plasma- 55%
-Proteins- 7%
-Ablumin- 54%
-Osmotic pressure
-Globulins- 38%
-Antobodies
-Fibrinogen- Blood clotting
-Water-91.5%
- Solvent. Absorb, transports, release heat
- Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-)
-Other solutes 1.5%
Buffy Coat- <1%
Platelets
Used for blood clotting. Differentiate under the hormone thrombopoietin
White blood cells (have nucleus)
Granular
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
- Non granular- Lymphocyte, monocytes
Erythrocytes-45%
Life span 90-100 days or 3-4 months
Carries hemoglobin (oxygen transport). O2 binds to the iron (carries 4 O2)
Erythropoiesis- Red blood cell production. Happens in response to low oxygen levels. More red blood cells=more oxygen to muscles.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Vascular Spasm- this is when there is a temporary constriction when the blood vessel is damaged. This spasm narrows the injury site to minimize blood loss.
Platelet Plug Formation- When the vessel is damaged it exposes sticky fibers, small platelets sense the stickiness and line and stick to the damaged area. They call other platelets to the site which pile up creating the plug.
Blood Clotting Coagulation- After step 1 & 2 the body makes a strong seal through either an extrinsic or intrinsic pathway.
Extrinsic: external trauma injuring Tissue Factor (TF)
Intrinsic: Internal trauma exposing collagen
The proteins released activate the key protein Fibrinogen converting to fibrin which acts as a net trapping the platelet plug, RBC’s, etc. turning into the blood clot allowing the blood vessel wall to heal.
VENOUS RETURN
Skeletal pump
Skeletal pump
Muscular contractions squeeze veins to propel blood back into the heart
Respiratory pump
Respiratory pump
Pressure changes during breathing move blood back to the hear by creating a vacuum
Venous valves
Venous valves
Prevent back flow of blood in the veins with valves
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