Aqueous solutions
Chapter 7 Aqueous solutions
Four driving forces favor chemical change.
Formation of a solid
Formation of water
Transfer of electrons
Formation of a gas
A reaction in which a solid forms is called a precipitation reaction.
Solubility rules help predict what solid (if any) will form when solutions are mixed.
Three types of equations are used to describe reactions in solution.
Molecular (formula) equation, which shows the complete formulas of all reactants and products
Complete ionic equation in which all strong electrolytes are shown as ions
Net ionic equation, which includes only those components of the solution that undergo a change
Spectator ions (those that remain unchanged) are not shown in the net ionic equation.
A strong acid is one in which virtually every molecule dissociates (ionizes) in water to an H+ ion and an anion.
A strong base is a metal hydroxide that is completely soluble in water, giving separate OH2- ions and cations.
The products of the reaction of a strong acid and a strong base are water and a salt.
Reactions between metals and nonmetals involve a transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal, which is called an oxidation–reduction reaction.
Reactions can be classified in various ways.
A synthesis reaction is one in which a compound forms from simpler substances, such as elements.
A decomposition reaction occurs when a compound is broken down into simpler substances.
A combustion reaction is an oxidation–reduction reaction that involves O2.