An attempt was made to record the locations of as many phorophytes of the epiphytic moss Dicranum viride as possible in the forests on Maulbronn's territory and to make the data available to the forest and nature conservation administration as a basis for suitable protection measures. 671 phorophytes, 21 beech stumps, 2 pieces of cut tree trunks and 3 branch pieces with green fork tooth moss, Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. [36] , were mapped on an area of about 650 hectares of forest, south of Maulbronn from mid of 2019 to February 2024. The northern parts of the woodlands at Maulbronn are still not completely investigated. Only 26 phorophytes were found so far, it seems that Dicranum viride is much less present north of the Salzach valley.
The investigated forest areas are historic, former monastery forests with a very long management tradition. 65 % of the phorophytes are beech, 18% oak, 13% hornbeam. In addition, there are small numbers of service tree (14) black alder (3), and sycamore maple trees (4).
Phorophytes were found mainly in mature mixed beech and oak forests, in shallow, waterlogged depressions (valley exits) along small creeks, close to historical water ditches and ponds and the ditch of the historic fortification Eppingen line.
Dicranum viride populations can be regarded as metapopulations. Each colonized tree (porophyte) represents a habitat patch with a distinct subpopulation. A metapopulation is considered stable if losses of moss cushions or the loss of porophytes can be offset by new colonizations elsewhere. For Dicranum viride, a deterministic risk of extinction is assumed, i.e. the extinction of subpopulations is predetermined by natural aging and the death of the respective porophyte.
The importance of various animal species, which play an indispensable role in preservation of the occurrences through the dispersal of leaf fragments, is discussed. The dispersal of leaf fragments by animals (Epizoochory) is a rare occurrence and is largely confined to very short distances. Dicranum viride is one of the mosses with a severely limited dispersal ability. It is dependent on the long-term and spatially proximate availability of suitable host trees – conditions that are found primarily in undisturbed, old-growth natural forests. The green fork moss is therefore regarded as an indicator species for near-natural forests with high biodiversity. Its presence indicates forest sites with centuries of forest and habitat continuity in deciduous forests. The moss pads on the phorophytes can also be read as long-standing traces of animals. Populations of Dicranum viride can be preserved if the ongoing losses of phorophytes can be compensated by new colonization.
In the Maulbronn forests, Dicranum viride can be seen as an indicator for long habitat continuity in former coppice forests and as an indicator of biodiversity hotspots (epiphytic mosses, deadwood, habitat tree groups).
Knowledge of the locations of phorophytes and the degree of colonization on individual tree trunks can help long-term preservation of populations by consistent application and intensification of the AUT concept (retention forestry, coarse woody debris) of forest administration (Forst BW) in those areas.
The population of Dicranum in Maulbronn has been shaped, both historically and in the present day, by forest management; furthermore, its extent has been restricted and fragmented by large-scale interventions (a former munitions depot, a sports center, an earthworks landfill site, clay pits, a subsequent construction waste disposal site and industrial estates) and road construction. In many areas where this mapping has identified populations, the debt of extinction has probably already exceeded the limit of reversibility with the species having limited ability of dispersal.
Due to climate change and the associated drought damage affecting European beech—the main host tree species—a significant decline of Dicranum viride populations must be expected in the Maulbronn area in the medium term, despite all conservation efforts. Modelling results from the Forest Research Institute of Baden‑Württemberg (FVA) on the future suitability of beech and on the distribution of Dicranum viride under climate‑change conditions indicate that the occurrences in Maulbronn are at risk [Source FVA: Baumarteneignung Lkr. Enzkreis (mit Stadtkreis Pforzheim) – Buche 2021–2050 RCP 4.5; Wysocki, Adrian, Sylwia Wierzcholska, Jarosław Proćków, and Kamil Konowalik. 2024. “Host Tree Availability Shapes Potential Distribution of a Target Epiphytic Moss Species More than Direct Climate Effects.” Scientific Reports 14 (1): 18388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69041-y].
The existing old‑age beech and oak patches, habitat‑tree groups, and forest refugia have been under drought stress for years. Owing to the accelerated decay of these habitats alone, a large proportion of the currently remaining host trees is likely to be lost within the next 10–15 years.