Embedded Files
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Space is constantly an up-and-coming topic, with billionaires now wanting to go to Mars and create their own colonies. Why is this such a big deal, and is this actually feasible for the near future? While much has changed since the first space race in the late 1900s, there are still factors to consider when discussing the future of space travel and exploration.
The Original Space Race
The Original Space Race
The space race has been around for many years; the original was between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War in the 1950's (History.com Editors, 2020). Other programs were created in addition to NASA that were used to gain information on the Soviet Union and were created for security purposes. One was run by the United States Air Force in which they explored the possibility of military activity in space. The other program, which was run by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with the help of the Air Force and National Reconnaissance Office, used satellites that were in orbit to not only learn about the Soviet Union, but their allies as well. Although Sputnik was the start of the space race, the U.S. technically won due to having the first man to walk on the Moon. In 1975, they ended up combining a mission which in return represented the improvement of the relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
(photo by NASA in public domain)
1957 - Sputnik was launched into Earth's orbit
(photo by NASA in public domain)
1958 - U.S. launched Explorer 1 and NASA was created
(photo by NASA in public domain)
1961 - Soviet Union launched the first person to orbit the Earth. Apollo mission was launched from NASA
(photo by NASA in public domain)
1969 - the first man to walk on the Moon
The International Space Race Now
The International Space Race Now
Despite the U.S. having better technology, China is still very close to getting to the same level (Daniels, 2020). Before 2000, China had a fairly slow introduction into the idea of space related technology (p. 13). It appears that overall, the United States is more advanced in the technology that is currently being dealt with and by having organizations like SpaceX is an advantage (p. 18).
China
China
China is making space exploration and their military very tied together unlike the U.S. who is keeping them separated unless specified that there is interaction (p. 17). At the rate it is going, there is a risk of economic troubles due to not knowing what China is doing, but it is unclear if loosening restrictions is more beneficial (p. 26). Currently there are concerns with Beijing attempting to dominate resource locations on the Moon and keep it to themselves (Bello, 2023). Due to the international competition, according to Zhang (2021), when the United States first introduced the idea of an International Space Station, China was not included in the plans, and as a result, China made their own space station, Tiangong (p. 9). China has launched few satellites into space in comparison to the U.S., because China does not have an organization like NASA that allows for as much space exploration (p. 11). Money was being put into other areas because space was not a high priority in science and technology for them (p. 11). Now that there is more urgency to research space more, it is obvious that there is an increase in speed to develop technology that can help get to the level they want in space exploration.
(photo by NASA in public domain)
Plans for the Future
Plans for the Future
Both China and NASA from the U.S. have missions planned out for the upcoming future; NASA’s missions are not just space exploration or going to the Moon, but retrieving scientific data through rovers and other machines to help further their research (Dunbar, 2023).
One of NASA’s missions on March 14th, 2023 for SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft delivered supplies, equipment, and new science investigations to the ISS as a commercial resupply (Dunbar, 2023). NASA also has plans for climate missions and more discoveries from the Webb telescope that will tell us more about how the Earth is changing (Strickland and Wattles, 2023). The crewed Artemis II mission will not take off until 2024, with the goal of sending four people to the Moon and back to Earth (Strickland and Wattles, 2023).
China's plans
China's plans
China’s five year plan involves not only more research into space, but also the improvement of the performance of its space transport system (Wall, 2022). For example, China will launch a space telescope called Xuntian which will dock periodically with the ISS within the next five years as well (Wall, 2022). Additionally, China plans to put people on the Moon; while they were the first ever to have a soft landing on the far side of the Moon with their robotic mission Change4 in 2019, only the United States has successfully managed to land on the Moon with a crew.
European Space Agency
European Space Agency
Essentially the European version of the U.S.'s NASA, will launch a mission to Jupiter and its moons and send a satellite to create a 3D map of the moons to learn about the potential habitability of planets for the future (Amos, 2023).
Russia's Roscosmos
Russia's Roscosmos
In July of 2022, NASA and Roscosmos signed an agreement to integrate flights in the ISS to promote cooperation within the ISS program (Roulette, 2022).
It is important to note that the Pentagon predicted that China would surpass the United States space capabilities as soon as 2045 (Bradsher, 2022).
It is important to note that the Pentagon predicted that China would surpass the United States space capabilities as soon as 2045 (Bradsher, 2022).
Representation in Space - lack of diversity
Representation in Space - lack of diversity
Dr. Guion “Guy” Bluford in 1983 aboard the Challenger's STS-8 mission (photo by NASA in public domain)
image on the top left - Sally Ride (photo by NASA in public domain)
image bottom left - "Cosmonaut Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez" by Ivan Misko is licensed under CC BY 4.0
According to the JFK Library Archives (2019), after Commander Alan Shepard became the first American in space in 1961, there were many people who sent letters to President John F. Kennedy congratulating the success of the space mission. However, there were also letters remarking on the lack of diversity in the astronaut team and the overall space program; people advocated for more representation and that more people should be visibly represented by the astronauts. At the time, only white, able-bodied men were going to space. One notable advocate was Dr. Frank Kameny, an astronomer who hoped to become an astronaut, but was fired after his supervisors found out he was gay. Kameny dedicated his life to fighting for LGBTQ+ rights and wrote letters to President Kennedy to argue for the right for queer people to work for the U.S. government. The original space race was happening at the same time as the Civil Rights Movement, so there were also letters arguing for the president to choose the world’s first black astronaut. In 1962, the Air Force suggested Captain Edward Dwight as a candidate for training, and Dwight later stated how he faced an incredible amount of discrimination as a black man in astronaut training. At the time, the military had only been officially desegregated for less than fifteen years. However, he was not selected by NASA out of 26 pilots, and he later left the military in 1966. The Soviet Union ended up flying the first black and Latin American person in space in 1980: Lieutenant-Colonel Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba. The Soviet Union also sent the first woman to space in 1963, Valentina Tereshkova. Sally Ride became the first American woman and LGBTQ+ person to go to space in 1983, though society did not find out about the latter until after her death. That same year, Dr. Guion “Guy” Bluford became the first African American to go to space. Even today there are still people making history to be the first to go to space, so we still have far to go to achieve true representation in space travel.
Representation Now
Representation Now
The ratio of people other than white men in space still needs improvement; since Sally Ride’s space mission in 1981 only 60 women have been to space, and even fewer of those 60 were women of color (Rendon, 2021). On a historic note, the European Space Agency will begin training its newest astronaut class, and for the first time in 13 years, the class includes the first “parastronaut,” or an astronaut with a disability (Hunt, 2022). More and more disabled people have begun to have a chance to train in zero-gravity and possibly have a future as astronauts, and in 2021 there was a special airplane flight in California to test how people with different disabilities fare in zero gravity with 12 disabled passengers (Morris, 2021).
Current Space Race - Space Tourism
Current Space Race - Space Tourism
The current space race involves privatization efforts and the main fight between billionaires Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk to be the first to send tourists into space for long periods of time.
While British billionaire Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Galactic, went to space on July 11th, 2021 and seemingly beat Elon Musk to the title of who would be the first billionaire to space, the main competition rests between Musk and Bezos and their respective companies SpaceX and Blue Origin (Berger, 2022). According to Impey (2021, p. 3), Elon Musk founded SpaceX which is acknowledged with the achievement of many things such as placing the first commercial satellite in orbit, reach orbit as the first private company with a liquid-fueled rocket, and sending humans to the International Space Station and into orbit, just to name a few. SpaceX has had missions in space as early as 2008 when Falcon 1 made history as the first liquid fueled rocket from a private company to make it out of orbit (SpaceX, 2022). Both SpaceX and Blue Origin strive to have reusable rockets and materials, as well as have similar mission statements on the future of humanity in space travel and space tourism, “making life multiplanetary” (SpaceX, 2022). One goal of Blue Origin is to have a mixed-used space station built in the next decade with state of the art technology that would accelerate the economy through space and provide new markets, as well as have different spaces on the station for different uses, like a space hotel or business park (Blue Origin, 2022). Another main competitor for the space tourism race is the company Virgin Galactic, whose goal is to “provide regular suborbital spaceflights for paying customers” (Revfine.com Editors). Founded in 2004, they hoped to have paying astronauts flying missions by 2007, but unfortunately the launch date of commercial flights have been delayed and pushed back ever since (Ungoed-Thomas, 2023). There are other companies vying for the chance to have paying customers in the space tourism industry, such as Orian Span, who plans to have a private commercial space station to function as a space hotel, Boeing, Space Adventures, and Zero 2 Infinity, a company based in Spain (Revfine.com Editors).
Yusaku Maezawa
Yusaku Maezawa
(via Getty Images, fair use)
A Japanese billionaire, he joined SpaceX to travel to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2023, becoming one of the first space tourists to journey to the ISS in over 10 years with the help of Russia’s space program (Al Jazeera, 2023). In 2018, for a moon mission named “dearMoon project” planned to launch in 2023, Maezawa chose eight people from one million applications to accompany him, one of them being a K-pop star from the group T.O.P. (Yamaguchi, 2022). Maezawa is also set to become the first tourist around the Moon.
Dennis Tito
Dennis Tito
(via Getty Images, fair use)
The first billionaire in space was American Dennis Tito on April 28, 2001 through the company Space Adventures. However, Richard Branson was the first billionaire to do so with his own spacecraft, which is why he is considered the actual first billionaire to go to space.
Ethics of privatization
Ethics of privatization
While Musk and Bezos are incredibly successful billionaires who are getting closer and closer to space tourism and colonization on Mars in our lifetimes, the two men are known to have horrible working conditions for their employees. Their status as billionaires is evidence of this; they would not be billionaires if they paid their workers properly and had basic conditions necessary for their employees to be happy and successful. According to Reich (2021), Musk’s production assistants can hardly afford rent and the living costs of California, and he is extremely anti-union to the point of illegally interrogating workers that were suspected to have formed a union. Additionally, Musk called the government’s Covid-19 stay-at-home orders fascist, and reopened his Tesla factory before health officials said it was safe. Because of this, ten workers contracted Covid-19, and Musk then fired workers who took unpaid leave while sick with the virus. Bezos’s warehouses impose strict production quotas as well as total surveillance and barely any breaks to go to the bathroom and to get back to work. Bezos also does not allow paid sick leave for his employees. During the Covid-19 pandemic, he fired at least two employees who complained about the lack of protective equipment, and is also anti-union for Amazon workers. To keep his employees in line, Amazon required workers to attend anti-union meetings in Alabama and threatened the workers with lost pay and benefits if they joined a union.
That same toxic environment transfers to Bezos’ and Musk’s space companies as well. In 2019, an employee at Blue Origin quit and sent a memo to Bezos and other senior leaders stating that the culture and environment at the company was toxic and systemic (Davenport and Lerman, 2021). This toxic culture involved harassment and humiliating comments towards the women and overall sexism that many former employees come forward about (Davenport and Lerman, 2021). What does this mean for Bezos’ and Musk’s plans for space exploration? If their Mars colonization is anything like their companies, there is plenty to be concerned about. Not only is the price for going to Mars or on a spaceship not feasible for lower-income people, but that would mean that the few rich people who could afford to go would be doing so on the suffering of the employees making the spaceships.
Technology advancements
Technology advancements
NASA is advancing at least six technologies to get humans to Mars (Hall, 2020). Some of the known technologies include: powerful propulsions to get humans to Mars and back, high-tech Martian space suits that are more fit for Earth-like movements, and a Martian home and lab on wheels which would basically be a rover that has oxygen inside for astronauts. Once the astronauts come across something interesting, they would be able to put on the high tech space suits and collect the samples they need in addition to being able to conduct labs in the rover (Hall, 2020). Uninterrupted power is also needed for the astronauts, which will be done using nuclear fission power, which is the process of atoms splitting apart to create energy. Finally, NASA is working on laser communications from the astronauts back to Earth, since sending a map of Mars to Earth might take nine years with current radio systems, but as little as nine weeks with laser communications (Banes, 2022).
Mars colonization plans, efforts, qualifications and risk
Mars colonization plans, efforts, qualifications and risk
Private company SpaceX has plans to reach Mars in the late 2020s and hopes to reach colonization by 2050 (Reich, 2021). As stated above, Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX, said he wants everyone to be a part of Mars, but it may be very expensive to get there. To be able to go to Mars the individual(s) must be willing to accept the fact that the risk of fatality is high and there is no way around it yet. To be exact, Musk stated that everyone will have the opportunity to go but it comes at a large cost, not just financially but may also be life risking. If you are willing to die then you are a candidate for going if you have the money, said Musk (Plumer, 2017). However, this plan is far simpler than NASA’s because before being considered for a space mission, NASA astronauts must complete years of highly specialized training. But first, the astronauts have to be accepted to the space program, an honor only ever granted to 338 astronauts (Yun Tan, 2016). Musk made a promise that normal people will eventually be able to go to Mars but there are still questions as to whether it is feasible or not. People with disabilities may be able to go to Mars but most likely later on than able-bodied individuals as there may be increased chances of a problem occurring and ultimately fatality.
Rocket building and materials
Rocket building and materials
SpaceX is building a spaceship, called Starship, which is funded by public and private partnerships, and these spaceships may be able to send up to 100 people to Mars. NASA designed their space launch system as the world’s most powerful rocket for safely sending humans on missions deep into space. This will be further assessed to see what is needed to add for humans to be able to stay on Mars for quite a while, such as disposing of trash and more. Elon Musk and SpaceX have a fully reusable rocket being developed in Texas which will be capable of sending over 100 tons of equipment or 100 people into space at one time (Burnett, 2021). It would use liquid oxygen and methane as fuel. The extremes of space will put up a challenge for humans to build and colonize on Mars. SpaceX is looking to use stainless steel to make Mars colonization a reality (Brown, 2020). For the beginning Mars missions, SpaceX will land at least two uncrewed cargo ships on the Red Planet before sending any humans there. The cargo will include power supplies, life support systems, and anything necessary for a safe startup for life on Mars. SpaceX looks to use water and ice from the planet's surface and carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere to refuel Starships on Mars which will allow the rockets to make a return to earth. SpaceX will have to work together with NASA to send up materials as well as crucial workers that are needed to start to build on Mars to reach the colonization goal of a million people set out by Musk (Weitering, 2023). When Musk was asked about the price of reaching Mars on Twitter, he stated that it is "very dependent on volume, but I'm confident moving to Mars (return ticket is free) will one day cost less than $500k & maybe even below $100k. Low enough that most people in advanced economies could sell their home on Earth & move to Mars if they want" (Wall, 2019). Under $100,000 sounds very reasonable for traveling to a whole new planet, and many people will be able to afford traveling to Mars if they desire. This all depends on if we can lower the price. NASA plans to keep sending humans to the Moon as they will get a better understanding of space and to become more prepared for a bigger planet like Mars. One uncertainty about Mars is Martian life as we do not know what kinds of organisms may exist. More experiments need to be done to ensure that there are no dangers unaccounted for.
Elon Musk, the Spearheader of Mars Colonization
Elon Musk, the Spearheader of Mars Colonization
The primary supporter and contributor wanting to colonize Mars is Elon Musk. Musk is prepared to do whatever it takes to make colonizing Mars happen, through him heavily supporting the idea financially with his position as the CEO of SpaceX. Musk is firmly devoted to this mission that he is willing to sell all of his possessions and he is willing to make any and all personal sacrifices such as having to sleep in his own office, so long as him sleeping in office means others are working hard to liven the goal of colonizing his vision for a second planet Earth (Levin, 2021). It takes a lot of passion and grit to openly be willing to give up everything he has, all for the mere possibility of achieving such a complex goal. In this case, such goal requires a true drive and ego to pull it off.
Musk's drive is unmatched and with good reason. His reasoning to fight for Mars colonization is truly to fight for both inspiration and future. According to Brown (2022), while colonizing Mars is his clear goal that shows growth for the country (United States of America), he also wants it to create growth for people, particularly by warping the fabrication of humanity and transforming them into an interplanetary species that would/could expand with the universe. In opposition, Musk had denounced the contemporary idea that every day people just wake up and solve another daily problem on a continual searching for success or failure. Musk instead says people need to search for motivation, to inspire, and affect your heart, so that all people will wake up and push for a future they truly want to be a part of. Elon Musk is filled to the brim with passion that is seen admirable but sometimes overfilled pots tend to boil over. Although, being filled to the brim is exactly the metaphorical personification of ego, drive, and passion that is needed for even a slight chance to get a few footsteps past the door of Mars colonization.
Should Mars be Colonized
Should Mars be Colonized
There are many factors that need to be considered and thought of before-hand. Currently, America and officials have the mindset of “get it done now and deal with the consequences later.” With a mindset like that, humans will just continue to act in their destructive ways, and colonizing Mars to be the saving grace for the human population could then be out of the question. However, it is a huge step for any nation to make it to Mars with the help of advancements in technology which has proven itself helpful. The final step to completing this process is to look back at our American history and examine the position Earth and human life were in and further decide where they can actually go without making the same negative mistakes as before. They must learn how to coexist with other possible life forms and environments in a way that is not destructive and allows them to adopt a better living life in the Mars colony (Dirks, 2021).
There are many factors to consider when talking about colonizing Mars and discussing the current space race. The focus is primarily on what that means for the future of space tourism. The idea of having entertainment in space such as a space hotel seems ‘out-of-this world’ and something from a science fiction movie but maybe it really could happen. Still, it is important to consider the implications for what colonizing Mars or creating a space hotel would mean for the environment in space and important to consider the possible further destruction of the environment on Earth while making these missions possible. Accomplishing this goal is something that we are getting quickly closer to, maybe even within reach, but it may not yield such positive effects or be such an ethical decision as some may think.
The Outer Space Treaty
The Outer Space Treaty
Outer Space Treaty: History
Outer Space Treaty: History
The Outer Space Treaty was created and signed in 1967 featuring many regulations about (outer) space and space exploration. The Treaty was made up of 17 articles detailing all that the treaty had put into affect and includes other detials for making amendments, processes, etc. The Outer Space Treaty focuses heavily on the governmental side of outer space, making statements as to whether or not people on Earth can govern space entities or other celestial forms.
Outer Space Treaty: Articles
Outer Space Treaty: Articles
The treaty features 17 articles. The most profound article regarding Musk's plan to colonize Mars comes from article II.
Article II of the Outer Space Treaty strictly prohibits any form of claiming celestial bodies. This means that Musk, or any nation, can never claim Mars or any part of Mars to be their own property. This still stays true to whatever the first nation to colonize it legally within international law. (Green Economy Law Professional Corporation, 2023).
Outer Space Treaty: Rationalization
Outer Space Treaty: Rationalization
The United States alone is not strong enough or capable enough to get to Mars on their own and colonize it. They need to team up with other countries that are also space-technology advanced and equipped, such as China. When these nations come together and they do arrive on Mars, per the treaty, neither the nation as whole or any person from that nation can claim Mars to be their own. Mars can not and will not be owned by China, the Unites States, or even Elon Musk. However, there is nothing, not even in the treaty, stopping any person or nation from colonizing Mars or other clestial bodies with Earth life forms (humans).
Civil Rights on Mars
Civil Rights on Mars
Photo by Nicolas Lobos on Unsplash
Civil Rights on Mars, for Humans
Civil Rights on Mars, for Humans
Once it has been colonized, it would follow the laws and civil rights associated with the nation that equipped the mission to space. According to Fecht (2023) it will never be a real colony legally to any nation that colonizes it, but the colony on Mars will follow the laws of the nation that colonizes it. Furthermore, it does not matter where the mission launches from or from what country the people are from that go on the mission, the nation of the company that launches the mission will be the nation’s laws that are followed, such as SpaceX being American. This implicates further the pressure with the space race amongst nations as well because the most equipped to get there first will be governed with their laws. Even if America is the first to colonize Mars, they can still bring those from other nations to live in the colony that would follow the American laws. However, if an attack was made by an American on a Russian and a government official on Mars did not do anything about it, that American could be governed by Russian laws through their own judicial system. Colonizing Mars is something to be taken seriously and it will not mean just living free on another planet.
"Grey Aliens Drawing" by MjolnirPants is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
Civil Rights on Mars, for 'Aliens'
Civil Rights on Mars, for 'Aliens'
Another thing to consider with civil rights is if there happens to be native life on Mars. According to Dirks (2021), currently there is no data or evidence to show that there is a form of life on Mars similar to humans or animals, but once human beings are physically there and can explore, new discoveries could be made. However, those life forms will be doomed at the hands of the human population. From what is currently known, the ecosystem on Mars would create a harsh environment for human life to thrive but still possible, and humans will be the new life form on Mars. Much like in American history, when new land was explored, mankind was quick to decimate all other life forms and as time progressed, destroy the planet or badly harm it like what has been done to Earth now with carbon emissions, pollution, and much more. The human population could quickly destroy the life that may already be on Mars and the leaders pushing to accomplish this mission to colonize Mars are not going to stop just because there are other life forms, unless laws are made pre-departure. Once those civil rights have been abolished and the species on Mars has died, the planet will continue to crumble much the same that Earth is, due to human interactions with the ecosystem. Dirks discusses that Mars actually may contain minerals or elements that could be beneficial for the further development of human kind, however he also mentions that mining has really unsafe and devastating environmental effects that would also damage the planet further.
Background text image: "Marsssss" by just249 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
Authors
Ry Goodell, Theatre Arts major, 2025
Isabel Cyr, Computer Science and Cultural Studies majors, 2025
Kayla Conway, Psychology major, 2025
anonymous
References
Al Jazeera. (2021, December 20). Japanese space tourists return to Earth after 12 days on ISS. Space News | Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/20/japans-yusaku-maezawa-returns-to-earth-after-12-day-space-flight
Amos, J. (2023, April 14). European Space Agency: Blast off for Jupiter icy moons mission. BBC News. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65273857
Banes, E. (2022, October 9). 10 recent tech advances that bring colonizing Mars closer to Reality. ScreenRant. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://screenrant.com/tech-advances-mars-exploration-colonization-nasa/
Bello, C. (2023, January 6). US-china space race: Can countries claim territory on the Moon? euronews. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/01/06/new-space-race-china-usa-nasa-concerned-china-reaching-the-moon
Berger, E. (2022, July 11). Richard Branson won the space tourism battle, but his company lost the war. Ars Technica. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/a-year-after-sir-richards-historic-flight-were-still-waiting-for-an-encore/
Blue Origin. (2022). Home. Blue Origin. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.blueorigin.com/
Bradsher, K. (2022, December 12). China maps out plans to put astronauts on the Moon and on Mars. The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/12/science/china-space-moon-mars.html
Brown, M. (2022, January 6). SpaceX mars city: Why, when, and how Elon Musk wants to build his ambitious plan. Bustle Digital Group, Retrieved from https://www.inverse.com/innovation/spacex-mars-city-codex
Burnett, J. (2021, June 26). SpaceX's new Rocket Factory is making its Texas neighbors mad. NPR. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2021/06/26/1009487890/spacexs-new-rocket-factory-is-making-its-texas-neighbors-mad
Daniels, M., & Johns Hopkins Univ Applied Physics Lab Laurel Md. (2020). The history and future of US China Competition and Cooperation in Space. DTIC. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1116894
Davenport, C., & Lerman, R. (2021, October 12). Inside blue origin: Employees say toxic, dysfunctional 'bro culture' led to mistrust, low morale and delays at Jeff Bezos's space venture. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/11/blue-origin-jeff-bezos-delays-toxic-workplace/
Dirks, N. (2021, August 10). The ethics of sending humans to mars. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ethics-of-sending-humans-to-mars/
Dreier, C. (n.d.) Your guide to NASA's budget. Retrieved from https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasa-budget
Dunbar, B. (n.d.). NASA launch schedule. NASA. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.nasa.gov/launchschedule/
Fecht, S. (2023, February 6). Would earth laws apply to mars colonists? Retrieved from https://www.popsci.com/who-would-rule-colony-on-mars/
Green Economy Law Professional Corporation. (2023). Colonizing mars. Retrieved from https://www.lawonmars.com/colonizing-mars
Hall, L. (2020, July 16). 6 technologies NASA is advancing to send humans to Mars. NASA. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/6_Technologies_NASA_is_Advancing_to_Send_Humans_to_Mars
History.com Editors. (2020, February 21). The Space Race: Timeline, Cold War & Facts. History.com. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/space-race
Hunt, K. (2022, November 24). European Space Agency announces First 'Parastronaut'. CNN. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/23/world/european-space-agency-new-astronaut-class-disability-scn/index.html
Impey, C. (2021). Unbound: Ethics, law, sustainability, and the New Space Race. Studia Humana, 10(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2478/sh-2021-0020
Levin, T. (2021, February 19). Elon musk, once again the world's richest person, is selling all his possessions so people know he's serious about colonizing mars. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/worlds-richest-person-elon-musk-dedicate-wealth-mars-colony-2021-1
Maidenberg, M. (2022, May 2). Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos face off in a satellite Space Race. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.wsj.com/story/elon-musk-and-jeff-bezos-face-offin-space-69db514c
Morris, A. (2021, October 22). A future for people with disabilities in Outer Space Takes flight. The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/22/science/astronauts-disabilities-astroaccess.html
Plumer, B., Resnick, B., & Zarracina, J. (2017, February 17). The top 7 ways a trip to Mars could kill you, illustrated. Vox. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/9/30/13099898/mars-death-risk-illustrated
Reich, R. (2021, April 25). In space, no one will hear Bezos and Musk's workers call for basic rights | Robert Reich. The Guardian. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/25/elon-musk-jeff-bezos-space-moon-mars-workers-rights-unions
Rendon, K. (2021, November 23). Increasing diversity and representation in space. Medium. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://medium.com/@spacelabdev/increasing-diversity-and-representation-in-space-4653a32ed2f3
Revfine.com Editors. (2022, November 8). Space tourism: 7 space companies that will make you an astronaut. Revfine.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.revfine.com/space-tourism/
Roulette, J. (2022, July 15). NASA, Russian Space Agency sign deal to share space station flights - roscosmos. Reuters. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/nasa-russian-space-agency-sign-deal-share-space-station-flights-roscosmos-2022-07-15/
Shah, D. (2019, April 17). The 5 most innovative advances in space technology. FDM Group. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.fdmgroup.com/blog/the-5-most-innovative-advances-in-space-technology/
SpaceX. (2022). SpaceX. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.spacex.com/
Strickland, A., & Wattles, J. (2023, January 5). New Space Missions will launch to the Moon, Jupiter and a metal world in 2023. CNN. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/05/world/space-missions-2023-scn/index.html
The JFK Library Archives. (2019, June 12). “Patient No Longer”: Fighting for Representation in the Space Race. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://jfk.blogs.archives.gov/2019/06/12/representation-in-the-space-race/
Ungoed-Thomas, J. (2023, January 14). 'Wings like cracked eggshells': Richard Branson faces turbulence over safety of space flights. The Guardian. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jan/14/richard-branson-virgin-galactic-passengers-space
Wall, M. (2022, January 29). China lays out ambitious space plans for next 5 Years. Space.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.space.com/china-five-year-plan-space-exploration-2022
Weitering, H. (2019, August 15). How spacex's starship will help establish a Mars base. Space.com. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-mars-transportation-plans.html
Yamaguchi, M. (2022, December 9). K-pop star among 8 to join Japan tycoon Maezawa's Moon trip. AP NEWS. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://apnews.com/article/space-launches-spacex-science-steve-aoki-business-6ed618032e745d9c4b508d3049c70f3d
Yun Tan, Z. (2016, September 30). Colonizing mars: Will 'regular people' be allowed to go? The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2016/0930/Colonizing-Mars-Will-regular-people-be-allowed-to-go
Zhang, Z. (2021). Space science in China: A historical perspective on Chinese policy 1957–2020 and policy implication. Space Policy, 58, 101449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2021.101449
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse