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Climate change has become one of the most pressing issues of our time, with its impacts being felt across the globe. One of the most significant impacts of climate change is the increasing number of natural disasters that are occurring. Floods, hurricanes, droughts, wildfires, and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and severe, leading to devastating consequences for people and their livelihoods, particularly for those living in poverty and poor countries.
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on people's lives and livelihoods, particularly for those living in poverty and poor countries. People in poverty are often more vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters because they lack the resources to cope with them. They may have inadequate infrastructure, housing, and healthcare systems, making them more vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters. Additionally, poor countries may lack the resources to respond to natural disasters and have less access to resources to help mitigate their impacts. The effects of natural disasters on these communities can be devastating, leading to the loss of homes, crops, livestock, and in some cases, loss of life. Since climate change causes natural disasters to reoccur more often as well as increases the intensity of these disasters, we must act soon to ensure that the situation doesn’t worsen.
What exactly is the problem?
The impact of climate change on natural disasters and poverty is a complex issue with multiple causes and effects. Climate change is causing changes in temperature, precipitation, sea levels, and extreme weather events, which are exacerbating the impacts of natural disasters. The warming of the Earth's atmosphere is causing the melting of glaciers and ice caps, which is leading to a rise in sea levels. This, in turn, is causing increased flooding in low-lying areas, making them more vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters. Additionally, the warming of the oceans is causing more intense hurricanes, which can devastate entire communities. Changes in precipitation patterns are also leading to more frequent and severe droughts, which can have serious impacts on agriculture and food security.
Another cause of this problem is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. These emissions trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and changes in climate patterns. As the planet warms, there are several effects that exacerbate the impacts of natural disasters. Warmer temperatures can lead to more evaporation, which in turn increases the intensity of droughts and heatwaves. Changes in precipitation patterns can lead to more frequent and intense flooding, particularly in areas with poor drainage and infrastructure. Warmer ocean temperatures can lead to more intense and frequent hurricanes, which can cause significant damage to coastal areas. As the planet warms, there are several effects that exacerbate the impacts of natural disasters. Warmer temperatures can lead to more evaporation, which in turn increases the intensity of droughts and heatwaves. Changes in precipitation patterns can lead to more frequent and intense flooding, particularly in areas with poor drainage and infrastructure. Warmer ocean temperatures can lead to more intense and frequent hurricanes, which can cause significant damage to coastal areas (Denchak, 2019).
The impact of natural disasters on poverty is also multi-faceted. Natural disasters can cause immediate harm, such as injury or loss of life, damage to property and infrastructure, and displacement of people from their homes. These effects can be particularly devastating for people living in poverty, who may not have the resources to cope with the damage. In the long term, natural disasters can also have significant impacts on economic development and poverty reduction efforts. Disasters can disrupt economic activity, leading to job losses and decreased income for individuals and businesses. This can be particularly damaging for people living in poverty, who may already be struggling to make ends meet. Disasters can also divert resources away from long term development efforts, such as education and healthcare, which can hinder progress towards poverty reduction goals.
How are low-income communities disproportionately affected by climate change-induced natural disasters?
As previously mentioned, although climate change affects everyone, it does not affect everyone equally. Some people are affected more than others, depending on a variety of factors. Vulnerable populations, including those who have preexisting health conditions, people who work outdoors, people of color, and low-income people, are the most at risk when it comes to climate change (NOAA, 2021). Additionally, a lot of these vulnerable populations fall into multiple of these categories at once. Our research has been focused on the impact of climate change on low-income individuals in particular.
Disconcertingly, the poorest people in the world are the ones who contribute the least to climate change. According to the International Development Association, 74 of the poorest countries in the world contribute to less than one-tenth of greenhouse gas emissions globally and are nevertheless most affected by it (Nishio, 2021). Climate change continues to displace poor communities and have detrimental effects on their livelihoods and survival. If climate change goes unchecked, it could lead up to 130 million people going into poverty over the next 10 years and could cause over 200 million people to migrate in their own countries by the year 2050, according to The World Bank (Nishio, 2021). This would wreck many of the developmental gains that have been made (Nishio, 2021).
"Per capita CO₂ emissions, 2021" by Our World in Data is licensed under CC BY 4.0
Clearly, lower-income people are disproportionately affected by climate change and face many unfair consequences. But why exactly is this?
Well, poor communities rely on many of earth’s natural resources for survival. In fact, the United Nations asserted that seventy-five percent of poor people in the world who live in rural areas rely on natural resources, like oceans, forests, and lakes for their occupations and livelihoods (Wolfe, 2021). This causes these communities to experience and suffer from more frequent disasters such as bushfires, droughts, and cyclones that are intensified due to climate change (World Vision International, 2022). In terms of natural disasters, several studies that have been conducted have determined how, why, and at what rate poor communities are disproportionately affected by natural disasters that have intensified due to climate change.
Kentucky is one of the U.S. states that experiences the most natural disasters. A study conducted by the Courier Journal explored the patterns and trends within this state, and it was found that the poorest counties in the United States face the most detrimental effects of tornadoes, floods and other disasters driven by climate change, which include many communities of color (Horn, 2023). Furthermore, an analysis of the United States Census data concluded that the counties in Kentucky and Ohio that have the highest natural disaster frequency all have median household incomes below the median income in their particular states as well as the entire nation (Horn, 2023). The text also talks about how wealthy people are affected by these natural disasters as well, however, these wealthy people are more prepared and have many more resources to cope with and handle the effects of these disasters because they can use insurance money as well as their own resources to rebuild their homes, relocate, or modify their houses and places of living to defend against the effects of other disasters, while poor people are often not given this option due to not having insurance or proper resources (Horn, 2023).
Kentucky is one of the U.S. states that experiences the most natural disasters. A study conducted by the Courier Journal explored the patterns and trends within this state, and it was found that the poorest counties in the United States face the most detrimental effects of tornadoes, floods and other disasters driven by climate change, which include many communities of color (Horn, 2023). Furthermore, an analysis of the United States Census data concluded that the counties in Kentucky and Ohio that have the highest natural disaster frequency all have median household incomes below the median income in their particular states as well as the entire nation (Horn, 2023). The text also talks about how wealthy people are affected by these natural disasters as well, however, these wealthy people are more prepared and have many more resources to cope with and handle the effects of these disasters because they can use insurance money as well as their own resources to rebuild their homes, relocate, or modify their houses and places of living to defend against the effects of other disasters, while poor people are often not given this option due to not having insurance or proper resources (Horn, 2023).
A case study that was carried out in a small Sri Lankan community examined the relationship between natural disasters and poverty. Poor people tend to live in rural, hazardous areas due to the lack of money and the inability to relocate elsewhere. Additionally, close to 72% of the population in Sri Lanka relies on agriculture for its livelihood, which poses several problems because agriculture is greatly affected by natural disasters (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). The study itself looked at the impact of flood and drought loss on this rural Sri Lankan province. In terms of flood loss, the losses were mainly due to the destruction of crops, and in non-poor households, they can regain their financial losses in three months, while in poor households, it takes eight to ten months to regain these financial losses (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). Droughts affect poor households significantly more. The ratio of drought loss to average annual income (relative loss) is 27% for poor households, and about 16% for non-poor households (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). In general, poor households are more exposed to these disasters, are more vulnerable to the destructive and financial effects, suffer the most financially, and take longer to recover from these losses compared to their non-poor counterparts (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018).
A case study that was carried out in a small Sri Lankan community examined the relationship between natural disasters and poverty. Poor people tend to live in rural, hazardous areas due to the lack of money and the inability to relocate elsewhere. Additionally, close to 72% of the population in Sri Lanka relies on agriculture for its livelihood, which poses several problems because agriculture is greatly affected by natural disasters (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). The study itself looked at the impact of flood and drought loss on this rural Sri Lankan province. In terms of flood loss, the losses were mainly due to the destruction of crops, and in non-poor households, they can regain their financial losses in three months, while in poor households, it takes eight to ten months to regain these financial losses (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). Droughts affect poor households significantly more. The ratio of drought loss to average annual income (relative loss) is 27% for poor households, and about 16% for non-poor households (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018). In general, poor households are more exposed to these disasters, are more vulnerable to the destructive and financial effects, suffer the most financially, and take longer to recover from these losses compared to their non-poor counterparts (De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A., 2018).
Where in the world do these natural disasters impact poor communities the most?
"Scene of devastation in Haiti" by DFID - UK Department for International Development is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
According to Scientific American, the most disaster-prone areas in the United States include areas near coasts or areas in the floodplain of a river, and areas that are at higher elevations are at a much lower risk (Boustan et al., 2017). This includes states such as Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana (World Population Review, 2023). Migration occurs often, especially in places that are more prone to natural disasters, and typically it’s the non-poor who are migrating. This widens the divide among people in poverty vs. people who are not, and when the non-poor people migrate out of these areas, even more poor people migrate in (Boustan et al., 2017). As previously stated, climate change-driven natural disasters do not affect everyone equally based on socioeconomic status. This occurs in places throughout the world. The poorest countries in the world, such as Haiti and Timor-Leste, are most affected by these destructive events given that they don’t have many of the finances to deal with disasters (Mercy Corps, 2022). They have many of the world’s 2.5 billion smallholder farmers, herders, and fisheries who rely on the climate and natural resources for food, income, and their livelihoods (Mercy Corps, 2022). The International Rescue committee recently came out with the top 10 countries at risk of climate disaster, and all of them are developing nations with high levels of poverty. These countries include Somalia, Syria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, Yemen, Chad, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Nigeria, and Ethiopia (IRC, 2023).
Climate Change Denial
There has been much controversy around topic of climate change, with some people challenging the fact that climate change is largely human-driven, some being skeptical of the phenomenon in general, and others are not open to remediating this issue due to the economic implications that reducing the effects of climate change may have (Schmidt, 2010). Many of these “climate change deniers” include corporations in the fossil fuel industry, trade associations, conservative philanthropists, and conservative think tanks (Bohr, 2022). Multiple studies have examined the denial demographics of climate change, and they have found that white, conservative males who are amongst the elite in the United States are the most likely to engage in climate change denial (SUTE, 2020). One paper suggests that this is because white conservative males try to downplay the risks that climate change poses so they could continue to maintain a way of life that benefits them (SUTE, 2020). Additionally, they may also just adopt the beliefs and opinions of the social or political groups they are apart of as a whole, and they may continue to support fossil fuel and oil companies because of the ways they have benefited them in the past (SUTE, 2020). According to the American Sociological Association, many politicians have political incentives to represent voters that rely on fossil fuel industry for their economic livelihoods.They therefore have access to cheaper energy, and have that incentive to be involved in the denial of climate change (Bohr, 2022). Additionally, the Rainforest Alliance examined some commonly used arguments by climate change deniers, some of which include “This is the coldest winter we’ve had in years! So much for global warming,” “OK, maybe climate change is real, but there’s nothing to be done—it’s too late,” and even, “Climate change is good for us” (Nerger, 2022).
"Trump-WomensMarch_2017-1060071" by Mark Dixon is licensed under CC BY 4.0
All in all, there are a multitude of arguments as to why people don’t believe in climate change and why people are against efforts to reduce the effects of climate change (many of these are economic reasons). There is a ton of misinformation about this phenomenon on the internet as well as social media, which many climate change skeptics believe. This has presented many conflicts. In a nutshell, the Natural Resources Defense Council illustrates that every conspiracy theory, distortion, or misrepresentation of the climate change phenomenon makes it harder for action to occur and significant progress cannot be made in fighting against climate change if people don’t agree on a basic set of facts (Turrentine, 2022).
Solutions: What Will Work
"One world sinage photo" by Markus Spiske, Unsplash is licensed under CC BY 4.0
To address the impacts of climate change on natural disasters, it is important to focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as this is the root cause of climate change. Governments, businesses, and individuals must take action to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to a low-carbon economy. This can include investing in renewable energy sources, reducing energy consumption, and promoting sustainable transportation options.
One possible solution is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through a combination of policy measures and individual actions. Governments can create new rules that save the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, and impose taxes on carbon emissions. People can also reduce their carbon footprint by using public transportation, reducing energy consumption at home, and adopting a plant based diet. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is important to increase investment in climate resilient infrastructure. This can include building seawalls and levees to protect against flooding, improving drainage systems to prevent water damage, and constructing buildings with materials that can withstand extreme weather events. Investing in renewable energy and energy efficient technologies can also help reduce the vulnerability of communities to the impacts of natural disasters.
Improving disaster preparedness and response is also really important. Governments and other organizations must work to ensure that communities have access to the resources they need to cope with the impacts of natural disasters. This can include providing financial assistance to rebuild homes and infrastructure, improving healthcare and emergency response services, and providing training on disaster preparedness and response. Ensuring that vulnerable communities are included in these efforts and have access to the resources they need to cope with the impacts of natural disasters is also important. It is also essential to ensure that vulnerable communities are included in these efforts. Often, vulnerable communities are left out of disaster response and recovery efforts, which can exacerbate existing inequalities. It is important to work with local communities to develop plans that meet their specific needs and provide them with the resources they need to cope with natural disasters.
Solutions: What Will Not Work
In the past, people did not believe the scientists when climate change was discovered. In the past nothing was done to change and emissions continued to build. In order to mitigate climate change, there will need to be changes in many aspects of life. A big part of what is preventing the mitigation of climate change is large corporations not changing. A large amount of emitions come from large corporations. There is a report that lists 100 energy companies that are responsible for 71% of all industrial emissions (Axelrod, 2019) industrial and electric emissions make up 48% of our total green house gas emissions in the USA (US EPA, 2022.) It would cost these corporations time and money to change so they are unwilling.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the impacts of climate change on natural disasters and poverty are becoming increasingly severe and urgent. The frequency and intensity of natural disasters are causing devastating consequences for vulnerable communities, particularly those living in poverty and poor countries. It is clear that a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach is necessary to address this issue. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, and improving disaster preparedness and response. It is also crucial to ensure that vulnerable communities are included in these efforts and have access to the resources they need to cope with the impacts of natural disasters. Only by working together can we hope to mitigate the impacts of climate change and protect our planet and its people.
Ultimately, the often unpredictable effects of climate change-driven natural disasters can be felt by everyone, but not everyone is affected equally. Poor people in particular are one of the most vulnerable populations within this worldwide phenomenon because they largely rely on the natural resources that this earth provides that get destroyed by these natural disasters, they work in sectors that are most affected by climate change, and they don’t have the financial means to cope with the effects of these disasters, unlike their non-poor counterparts. Climate change is natural, but humans are exponentially making it worse to a nearly irreversible level. It affects all aspects of the earth and atmosphere, including all other species on earth. Oftentimes, it is hard to accomplish meaningful climate action due to the opposition to impose such solutions, mainly because of profit and climate change deniers.
Authors
Authors
Willow s / Major: Graphic design / Year of Graduation:
Olivia Cunsolo / Major: Educational Studies / Year of Graduation: 2024
Keily Tejada / Major: Communication and Media Studies / Year of Graduation: 2025
References
“10 Countries at Risk of Climate Disaster.” The IRC, 20 Mar. 2023, https://www.rescue.org/article/10-countries-risk-climate-disaster.
“10 Facts about Climate Change and Poverty.” Climate Change and Poverty | Child Sponsorship | World Vision International, 8 Aug. 2022, https://www.wvi.org/stories/child-sponsorship/10-facts-about-climate-change-and-poverty.
Bohr, Jeremiah. “The Structure and Culture of Climate Change Denial.” American Sociological Association, 28 Nov. 2022, https://www.asanet.org/footnotes-article/structure-and-culture-climate-change-denial/.
Boustan, Leah Platt. “Natural Disasters by Location: Rich Leave and Poor Get Poorer.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 2 July 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/natural-disasters-by-location-rich-leave-and-poor-get-poorer/.
“Climate Change Impacts.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 13 Aug. 2021, https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts#:~:text=The%20most%20vulnerable%20groups%2C%20including,compounding%20factors%20from%20climate%20change.
“The Facts: How Climate Change Affects People Living in Poverty.” Mercy Corps, 12 Oct. 2022, https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/climate-change-poverty#:~:text=While%20everyone%20around%20the%20world,herders%20and%20fisheries%20who%20depend.
De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A. (2018). Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Disaster Risk: A Case Study of Flood and Drought Impact in a Rural Sri Lankan Community. Ecological Economics, 152, 131-140. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.010
Horn, D. (2023, ). Natural disasters affect poorest counties most: Study: Events tied to climate change impact impoverished in Ohio, Ky. Courier - Journal http://rwulib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/natural-disasters-affect-poorest-counties-most/docview/2761021587/se-2?accountid=25133 http://lawlib.rwu.edu:4550/resserv?genre=article&issn=19302177&title=Courier+-+Journal&volume=&issue=&date=2023-01-06&atitle=Natural+disasters+affect+poorest+counties+most%253A+Study%253A+Events+tied+to+climate+change+impact+impoverished+in+Ohio%252C+Ky.&spage=A.3&aulast=Horn&sid=ProQ:ProQ%253Amidwestnews1&isbn=&jtitle=Courier+-+Journal&btitle=&id=doi: http://rwulibrary.on.worldcat.org/atoztitles/link?sid=ProQ:&issn=19302177&volume=&issue=&title=Courier+-+Journal&spage=A.3&date=2023-01-06&atitle=Natural+disasters+affect+poorest+counties+most&au=Horn%252C+Dan&id=doi:
Kim, N. (2012). How much more exposed are the poor to natural disasters? Global and regional measurement. Disasters, 36(2), 195-211. 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01258.x
Nerger, Matt. “6 Claims Made by Climate Change Skeptics-and How to Respond.” Rainforest Alliance, 8 Dec. 2022, https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/everyday-actions/6-claims-made-by-climate-change-skeptics-and-how-to-respond/.
Nishio, Akihiko. “When Poverty Meets Climate Change: A Critical Challenge That Demands Cross-Cutting Solutions.” World Bank Blogs, 5 Nov. 2021, https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/when-poverty-meets-climate-change-critical-challenge-demands-cross-cutting-solutions.
Schmidt, Charles W. “A Closer Look at Climate Change Skepticism.” Environmental Health Perspectives, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2010, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002211/.
“States with the Least Natural Disasters 2023.” States with the Least Natural Disasters 2023, https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/states-with-the-least-natural-disasters.
The denial demographic: White conservative males and climate change. SUTE. (2020, May 31). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.shakeuptheestab.org/post/denial-demographics
Turrentine, Jeff. “Climate Misinformation on Social Media Is Undermining Climate Action.” Be a Force for the Future, 19 Apr. 2022, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/climate-misinformation-social-media-undermining-climate-action.
Wolfe, Deborah. “How Climate Change Impacts Poverty.” World Vision Canada, Organization, 21 June 2021, https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/climate-change/how-climate-change-impacts-poverty
Old work cited
“10 Countries at Risk of Climate Disaster.” The IRC, 20 Mar. 2023, https://www.rescue.org/article/10-countries-risk-climate-disaster.
“10 Facts about Climate Change and Poverty.” Climate Change and Poverty | Child Sponsorship | World Vision International, 8 Aug. 2022, https://www.wvi.org/stories/child-sponsorship/10-facts-about-climate-change-and-poverty.
Bohr, Jeremiah. “The Structure and Culture of Climate Change Denial.” American Sociological Association, 28 Nov. 2022, https://www.asanet.org/footnotes-article/structure-and-culture-climate-change-denial/.
Boustan, Leah Platt. “Natural Disasters by Location: Rich Leave and Poor Get Poorer.” Scientific American, Scientific American, 2 July 2017, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/natural-disasters-by-location-rich-leave-and-poor-get-poorer/.
“Climate Change Impacts.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 13 Aug. 2021, https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts#:~:text=The%20most%20vulnerable%20groups%2C%20including,compounding%20factors%20from%20climate%20change.
“The Facts: How Climate Change Affects People Living in Poverty.” Mercy Corps, 12 Oct. 2022, https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/climate-change-poverty#:~:text=While%20everyone%20around%20the%20world,herders%20and%20fisheries%20who%20depend.
De Silva, M. M. G. T., & Kawasaki, A. (2018). Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Disaster Risk: A Case Study of Flood and Drought Impact in a Rural Sri Lankan Community. Ecological Economics, 152, 131-140. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.010
Horn, D. (2023, ). Natural disasters affect poorest counties most: Study: Events tied to climate change impact impoverished in Ohio, Ky. Courier - Journal http://rwulib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/natural-disasters-affect-poorest-counties-most/docview/2761021587/se-2?accountid=25133 http://lawlib.rwu.edu:4550/resserv?genre=article&issn=19302177&title=Courier+-+Journal&volume=&issue=&date=2023-01-06&atitle=Natural+disasters+affect+poorest+counties+most%253A+Study%253A+Events+tied+to+climate+change+impact+impoverished+in+Ohio%252C+Ky.&spage=A.3&aulast=Horn&sid=ProQ:ProQ%253Amidwestnews1&isbn=&jtitle=Courier+-+Journal&btitle=&id=doi: http://rwulibrary.on.worldcat.org/atoztitles/link?sid=ProQ:&issn=19302177&volume=&issue=&title=Courier+-+Journal&spage=A.3&date=2023-01-06&atitle=Natural+disasters+affect+poorest+counties+most&au=Horn%252C+Dan&id=doi:
Kim, N. (2012). How much more exposed are the poor to natural disasters? Global and regional measurement. Disasters, 36(2), 195-211. 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01258.x
Nerger, Matt. “6 Claims Made by Climate Change Skeptics-and How to Respond.” Rainforest Alliance, 8 Dec. 2022, https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/everyday-actions/6-claims-made-by-climate-change-skeptics-and-how-to-respond/.
Nishio, Akihiko. “When Poverty Meets Climate Change: A Critical Challenge That Demands Cross-Cutting Solutions.” World Bank Blogs, 5 Nov. 2021, https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/when-poverty-meets-climate-change-critical-challenge-demands-cross-cutting-solutions.
Schmidt, Charles W. “A Closer Look at Climate Change Skepticism.” Environmental Health Perspectives, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2010, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002211/.
“States with the Least Natural Disasters 2023.” States with the Least Natural Disasters 2023, https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/states-with-the-least-natural-disasters.
The denial demographic: White conservative males and climate change. SUTE. (2020, May 31). Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.shakeuptheestab.org/post/denial-demographics
Turrentine, Jeff. “Climate Misinformation on Social Media Is Undermining Climate Action.” Be a Force for the Future, 19 Apr. 2022, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/climate-misinformation-social-media-undermining-climate-action.
Wolfe, Deborah. “How Climate Change Impacts Poverty.” World Vision Canada, Organization, 21 June 2021, https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/climate-change/how-climate-change-impacts-poverty.
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