Holisme

Holisme er slik at hver del (komponent) også er en helhet, dvs. alle deler kan være autonome.

Dette finner man igjen i fraktaler, og i alle komplekse systemer…‽

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Noen lenker:

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy: An Outline of General System Theory, the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1950 (JSTOR)

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy: The History and Status of General Systems Theory, the Academy of Management Journal, 1972 (JSTOR)

Michael A. Weinstein: Creativity and the Cybernetic Hierarchy: Two Models of the Human Condition, Social Science, 1974 (JSTOR)

G. Becht: Systems Theory, The Key to Holism and Reductionism, BioScience, 1974 (JSTOR)

Holons and Holarchy of Arthur Koestler, (PDF)

Mark Edwards: A Brief History of Holons, Integral World,

Srdjan Kesić́: Systems biology, emergence and antireductionism, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016-08-18

Reductionism Gives Way to Systems Biology, Genetic Engineering&Biosystems News, 2012-03-15

Maurice Yolles: Metacybernetics: Towards a General Theory of Higher Order Cybernetics, Systems, 2021-05-11

The Holarchy, the Taocracy, and the Technocracy, Jan Krikke - Medium, 2023-01-21

Arthur Koestler: Some general properties of self-regulating open hierarchic order (SOHO), Panarchy

Holarchies,

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Noen sitater:

"The whole is more than the sum of its parts."
― Aristotle (384-322BC)

"The entire universe must, on a very accurate level, be regarded as a single indivisible unit in which separate parts appear as idealisations permissible only on a classical level of accuracy of description. This means that the view of the world being analogous to a huge machine, the predominant view from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, is now shown to be only approximately correct. The underlying structure of matter, however, is not mechanical. This means that the term 'quantum mechanics' is very much a misnomer. It should, perhaps, be called 'quantum nonmechanics'."
― David Bohm (1917-1992)

"The new paradigm may be called a holistic world view, seeing the world as an integrated whole rather than a dissociated collection of parts. It may also be called an ecological view, if the term "ecological" is used in a much broader and deeper sense than usual. Deep ecological awareness recognizes the fundamental interdependence of all phenomena and the fact that, as individuals and societies we are all embedded in (and ultimately dependent on) the cyclical process of nature."
― Fritjof Capra

"Holism traditionally says that a collection of beings may have a collective property that cannot be inferred from the properties of its members."
― C. West Churchman (1913-2004)

"There is a strong current in contemporary culture advocating ‘holistic’ views as some sort of cure-all... Reductionism implies attention to a lower level while holistic implies attention to higher level. These are intertwined in any satisfactory description: and each entails some loss relative to our cognitive preferences, as well as some gain... there is no whole system without an interconnection of its parts and there is no whole system without an environment."
― Francisco J. Varela (1946-2001)

“Action has meaning only in relationship, and without understanding relationship, action on any level will only breed conflict. The understanding of relationship is infinitely more important than the search for any plan of action.”
― Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)

“This interconnection or accommodation of all created things to each other, and each to all the others, brings it about that each simple substance has relations that express all the others, and consequently, that each simple substance is a perpetual, living mirror of the universe.”
― Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

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