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Authors: Céline Vaneeckhaute, Ali Fazli
The combination of increased maritime transportation and the sensitivity of the Baltic Sea makes it necessary to establish efficient, eco-friendly and profitable ship-generated waste management strategies. This study aims to identify best management practices for ship-generated nutrient-rich organic wastes, i.e. food waste and sewage, on the Baltic Sea. Ship-generated waste quantities and characteristics, maritime waste regulations, and disposal methods are reviewed and discussed according to the available literature for the Ports of Helsinki, Stockholm, Tallinn and Copenhagen Malmö, which are the most important and busiest ports on the Baltic Sea. Sorting onboard and separation of food waste from other waste sources such as sewage and grey water is a suitable solution that facilitates further treatment. However, this procedure demands special facilities and sufficient storage space. Aforementioned food waste can be delivered to port reception facilities (PRFs) and used to produce biogas at land. However, currently only food waste from ships operating in the EU may be used as input for biogas production, not international food waste. Grinding of food waste and discharge into the sea is still common practice. In addition, shipping companies can choose buffet type restaurants in order to reduce food waste generation. Grey wastewater is generally discharged into the sea, whereas sewage needs to be treated on board before discharge or delivered to PRFs for treatment. New MARPOL regulations for passenger ships on the Baltic Sea require advanced treatment of pollutant nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, before sewage discharge in order to combat eutrophication of this sensitive area.
Authors: Tiago A. Santos
This paper presents a review of current developments in port pollution prevention and mitigation. A systematic categorization of the sources of pollution in the development and operation phases of ports and terminals is first presented. The paper then considers in detail technological and regulatory measures currently being applied to limit port pollution in the operation phase. This review is combined with that of relevant academic research and aims to fill a research gap by identifying the current and emerging port pollution themes and the latest trends in measures for pollution prevention and mitigation. A comprehensive approach is taken in this review by including not only academic research but also the industry’s research and development initiatives and the regulatory authority’s legislation. This paper identifies more than thirty different technological, regulatory, or organizational measures to limit pollution, although details on company-based research and development were found to be scarce. Mitigation of greenhouse gases and air-polluting emissions is identified as the most important field of research, but it is affected by regulatory uncertainties. Further research is needed on topics such as increased alternative fuel provision, digitalization potential for sustainability enhancement, and strategies for engaging stakeholders in greening ports.
Authors: Fernando González Laxe, Federico Martín Bermúdez, Federico Martín Palmero, Isabel Novo-Corti
In general, Synthetic Indexes of sustainability have been applied to specific countries and regions. With some variations, the ones considered simple, such as the case of the Ecological Footprint (EF), have been applied to port areas. The same has not happened with those of a multidimensional nature (Global Synthetics) that still have a minimal and partial presence in the analysis of port sustainability. Understanding that this type of index represents an interesting and novel avenue of research applied to port systems, this contribution analyses and ranks a sample of 16 Spanish Port Authorities that group 23 ports of general interest using a Global Synthetic Index of Sustainability (developed using the four dimensions of sustainable development: economic, institutional, environmental and social).
Authors: Georgios Papamanolis, Evangelos Giannakopoulos, Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis
Τhe shipbuilding industry and the several building or repair operations carried out on it, are reported as amongst the common sources of waste, which is not possible to extinguish but can only be eliminated through the adoption of the appropriate waste management techniques. This need is enhanced further from the lack of an International regime (with mandatory law requirements) specifying shipyard operations, prevention actions, and waste management techniques, and is immense in countries with a narrower regulatory establishment on shipyard waste management, like Greece, which adopts the general E.U. Law requirements but does not offer a detailed regulatory basis concerning individual shipyard or industrial operations and the management of resulting wastes. This work analyzes the several sources of waste generated from shipbuilding activities and investigates the extent that these wastes can be managed in a sustained manner, for the case of “Neorion Syros” Shipyard (NSS) in Greece. The results show that NSS undertakes almost all possible shipbuilding or repair operations (sandblastings, paintings, use of solvents, etc.) apart from the dissolution of ships, there by producing a broad range of solid and liquid wastes (volatile organic compounds, tributyltin, etc.) and air emissions that spread across Syros and heavily pollute the island and the sea, especially under specific weather conditions, making the need for the elimination of pollution related with the operation of the shipyard, an area of intense interest and importance.
Authors: Tahazzud Hossain, Michelle Adams, Tony R. Walker
Canadian ports contribute to the Canadian economy and social development. Society increasingly expects Canadian ports to balance economic growth with social and environmental impacts. In response, some Canadian ports have implemented strategic initiatives to integrate sustainability into their operations. Through participation in the Green Marine (GM) program, these ports can measure and improve their environmental performance. This study evaluated sustainability and environmental performance at 18 Canadian major ports. Twenty-five pre-defined indicators were used to identify operational trends linked to port sustainability. Annual performance reports (eight years) published by GM were analyzed to assess trends in environmental performance. All Canadian major ports participated in the GM program, but only seven proactively integrated sustainability into their operations. Sustainability initiatives included environmental policy development, environmental monitoring, proactive energy management, stakeholder engagement, incentivizing sustainability for port users, enhanced environmental reporting, and on-going research and development. All Canadian ports need to integrate sustainability and participate in GM to improve environmental performance and remain competitive in the global maritime supply chain.
Authors: Romeela Mohee, Dinesh Surroop, Ackmez Mudhoo, Bussunth Kumar Rughooputh
The Port Louis Harbour is the sole port in Mauritius and handles 99% of cargo entering the island. The port area is subject to a wide range of port installations handling, processing and storing a wide range of cargo ranging from petroleum products, coal, cement, edible oil, heavy oil, molasses, wheat, bitumen to fertiliser manufacturing. This study integrated procedures of ISO14001 and was carried out in the context of the UNEP GEF WIO–Lab Solid Wastes Demo Project during the period April 2009 to May 2010. An inventory of the wastes generation and flow from ships and within the industrial port area was conducted, and on basis of the results obtained, an environmental pollution prevention and protection program was developed to eventually assist in the setting up of a Port Waste Management System (PWMS) at the Port Louis Harbour. The PWMS identified the significant environmental aspects and impacts, structure of the organisation, distribution of responsibilities, needs for training, objectives and targets as well as the operational control measures. At the end of the study, suggestions on how to improve the port’s environmental performance with regards to waste management were recommended.
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