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Authors: Michael J. “Mike” Waguespack
This report provides a detailed profile of each active Louisiana public port and information on Louisiana’s developing ports. Louisiana has 32 active public ports and 10 developing public ports. There are three types of active ports in Louisiana based on geographic characteristics: deep-water, coastal, and inland. It is intended that the information contained in this report complement our report titled Louisiana’s Public Port System, also issued January 31, 2024. Exhibit 1 provides a map of all public ports in Louisiana. Appendix A provides our scope and methodology.
Authors: Ellu Nasser, Dana Rodriguez, Fern Uennatornwaranggoon, Ken Adler, Mark Button, Amy Leitch, Elizabeth Joyce, Hannah Wilson
Developed for U.S. ports, Practical Pathways for Port Decarbonization and Environmental Justice promotes U.S. port programming changes and investments on and off terminals, that support zero-GHG supply chains, zero-GHG transportation, zero-GHG energy systems and environmental justice. This guide will identify high-potential entry points, including federal infrastructure funding opportunities, to bring ports across the U.S. towards zero-GHG emission best practices and ensure that EJ communities are equitably protected from impacts resulting from port operations and port users. It will also help increase U.S. ports’ competitiveness for government funding and expand investment and business opportunities by creating alignment with the net zero-GHG reduction goals published by major beneficial cargo owners (BCOs). Acknowledging the diversity of ports in scale, function and governance, this guide: (1) Provides a landscape scan on current U.S. progress for port decarbonization and EJ; (2) Introduces the key drivers for why ports can and should lead climate action; (3) Lays out a comprehensive framework for decarbonization; and (4) Provides a list of actions, metrics and key outcomes across each action-area for ports to measure their progress on net zero goals with environmental justice opportunity call outs.
Authors: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Port electrification can take many forms, such as electrifying cargo handling equipment or deploying a microgrid to power critical port infrastructure. To help evaluate the growing challenge of increased electrification and its impacts on the system, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory developed this Port Electrification Handbook with support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity’s Microgrids R&D [research and development] program. The goals of this handbook are the following: (1) Help port operators and planners evaluate different electrification technologies, (2) Explain how these technologies could aid and impact ports and surrounding communities, and (3) Provide step-by-step considerations for port electrification.
Authors: Transportation and Climate Division, Office of Transportation, and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ports are gateways of commerce and drivers of the United States (U.S.) economy. At the same time, they are places where large concentrations of diesel equipment can converge and emit significant amounts of air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), air toxics, and carbon dioxide (CO2), which impacts human health and the environment. Many marine vessels use diesel engines while at berth to power auxiliary systems such as lighting, air conditioning, refrigeration, and crew berths. Shore power infrastructure has the potential to significantly reduce emissions by enabling vessels to turn off their engines, and instead plug into the local electricity grid to power auxiliary systems while at berth. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed this report to help port operators, state and local governments, and other stakeholders better understand and evaluate shore power as a potential emissions reduction strategy. This Shore Power Technology Assessment at U.S. Ports - 2022 Update characterizes the technical and operational aspects of shore power systems in the U.S. and demonstrates an approach for comparing shore power and vessel emissions while at berth. This report is based on the previously published 2017 Assessment and has been updated to include: (1) Information on new shore power systems in the U.S. since 2017. (2) Updates to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations, including new shore power requirements that expands participation. (3) Updated information on vessel readiness and real-world costs. (4) Practical operational lessons learned from CARB as well as port operators implementing shore power programs at the ports of New York & New Jersey, Seattle, Hueneme, and Los Angeles.
Authors: Katerina Polemis, Andrew Kotz
Maritime decarbonization is an integral part of reducing emissions from freight transportation. The Electrification Analysis of Container Ports’ Cargo Handling Equipment developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in partnership with the Electric Power Research Institute provides a scalable solution to model energy demand per container moved (kilowatt-hour [kWh]/twenty-foot equivalent unit [TEU]) for an all electric cargo handling equipment fleet.
Authors: Renee Moilanen, Matt Hart, James Dumont, Todd Trauman, Shawn Garvey, John Meissner, Tom O’Brien, Tyler Reeb
In the Pacific Northwest, access to clean (low carbon), reliable electricity is a key advantage that enables electrification of transportation and buildings and supports reductions in both greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. Electrification is a keystone strategy to address climate change and alleviate environmental burdens for neighborhoods and sensitive populations that live near industrial areas and concentrations of transportation activity. For the Port of Seattle and The Northwest Seaport Alliance (NWSA), electrification is also a core strategy to achieve the shared vision of phasing out seaport-related emissions by 2050. However, the electrification of maritime industry operations will require significant, concerted, and proactive investment in the energy infrastructure serving port-owned facilities. The Port of Seattle (the Port) and its partners are well-positioned to simultaneously advance key carbon- and air pollution-reduction technologies while enhancing services to customers. The Port owns and operates maritime properties in the Seattle harbor including two home port cruise terminals with three cruise vessel berths. The NWSA is a vital operating partner managing the Port’s largest properties and the seventh largest cargo gateway in the United States. Seattle City Light (SCL) is the public electric utility serving the greater Seattle area and is a recognized leader in clean energy and the nation’s first carbon neutral electric utility. The Port, NWSA, and SCL came together to initiate a first-of-its-kind joint infrastructure planning process: the Seattle Waterfront Clean Energy Strategy (SWCES). Given the significant challenges presented by decarbonization of port operations — including long lead times for construction, high costs of electrical infrastructure projects, and rapidly evolving maritime and clean energy technologies — the SWCES recognizes the need to work collaboratively with government and industry partners to address infrastructure constraints to achieve shared decarbonization goals.
In the Pacific Northwest, access to clean (low carbon), reliable electricity is a key advantage that enables electrification of transportation and buildings and supports reductions in both greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. Electrification is a keystone strategy to address climate change and alleviate environmental burdens for neighborhoods and sensitive populations that live near industrial areas and concentrations of transportation activity. For the Port of Seattle and The Northwest Seaport Alliance (NWSA), electrification is also a core strategy to achieve the shared vision of phasing out seaport-related emissions by 2050. However, the electrification of maritime industry operations will require significant, concerted, and proactive investment in the energy infrastructure serving port-owned facilities. The Port of Seattle (the Port) and its partners are well-positioned to simultaneously advance key carbon- and air pollution-reduction technologies while enhancing services to customers. The Port owns and operates maritime properties in the Seattle harbor including two home port cruise terminals with three cruise vessel berths. The NWSA is a vital operating partner managing the Port’s largest properties and the seventh largest cargo gateway in the United States. Seattle City Light (SCL) is the public electric utility serving the greater Seattle area and is a recognized leader in clean energy and the nation’s first carbon neutral electric utility. The Port, NWSA, and SCL came together to initiate a first-of-its-kind joint infrastructure planning process: the Seattle Waterfront Clean Energy Strategy (SWCES). Given the significant challenges presented by decarbonization of port operations — including long lead times for construction, high costs of electrical infrastructure projects, and rapidly evolving maritime and clean energy technologies — the SWCES recognizes the need to work collaboratively with government and industry partners to address infrastructure constraints to achieve shared decarbonization goals.
Authors: : Ryan Matulka, J.R. DeShazo, Colleen Callahan
The Aquamarine Institute, with support from the Port of Los Angeles (POLA) and the Port of Long Beach (POLB), commissioned the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation to create a framework with the following objectives. Our first objective is to provide detailed descriptions of electricity usage and costs: 1) for the POLA and POLB, both port-wide and by terminal types, 2) in the present and in the near future planning horizon, 3) by types of technology within a typical terminal and 4) for important facets of electricity consumption like average, seasonal and peak demand. Our second objective is to undertake a preliminary scoping of the proto-typical energy investment opportunities that might comprise energy management strategies at the San Pedro Bay Ports (the Ports). Our third objective is to identify how collaboration between the Ports can expand the learning benefits while also reducing the financial costs of energy audits, field studies of promising energy technologies and joint solutions to energy resilience challenges. The resulting framework has the capacity to reveal the costs and benefits of engaging in specific efficiency and local energy generation options. The framework is a first step to inform and serve as a foundation for comprehensive and collaborative energy management planning.
Authors: : Rose Szoke, Morgan Caswell
This report presents the results of the Port of Long Beach (Port) Zero-Emissions Terminal Equipment Transition Project (Project), whereby the Port led one of the nation’s largest developments of medium- and heavy-duty (MHD) advanced technology vehicle demonstrations for Port operations. The Port—in partnership with SSA Marine, Long Beach Container Terminal (LBCT), International Transportation Service (ITS), Total Transportation Services, Inc. (TTSI), multiple technology vendors, the International Brotherhood of Electric Workers (IBEW), and Long Beach City College (LBCC)—was awarded $9.755 million from the CEC under GFO-16-604 entitled “Sustainable Freight Transportation Projects” for one of the nation’s largest demonstration and deployment projects for zero-emissions cargohandling equipment (CHE). The principal goal of the Project was to demonstrate various zero-emission cargohandling equipment (CHE) at three container terminals. The second goal was to understand what it would take to transition four trucks running on natural gas to plugin hybrid electric trucks capable of zero-emission operations. The third goal was to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria air pollutant emissions, establishing workforce-training programs, and conduct outreach on the benefits of zero-emission Port technologies to other California ports, members of disadvantaged communities (DAC) and the public. This Project sought to design, build, and demonstrate battery-electric yard tractors, grid-tied electric rubber-tired gantry (eRTG) cranes, and plug-in hybrid electric drayage trucks (PHET) powered by liquified natural gas (LNG). In a collaboration with the LBCC and the IBEW, the Project included an analysis performed on CHEs to project the workforce demand needed to support the transition to zero-emissions technology. This Project also presents a comprehensive report of lessons learned for zero-emission design, build and demonstration that may improve zero-emission technologies soon. In the past six years alone, there has been increased participation of new technology vendors as well as crucial original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and more interest from terminal operators looking to turnover their diesel fleets prior to any regulatory action on the horizon. It is with hope that these collaborations will support the continued advancement and eventual commercialization of zero-emission technologies for port operations.
Authors: : New Energies Coalition
As the global community confronts the urgent need to address climate change, nations and industries everywhere are scrambling to achieve environmental goals and take actions to ensure a sustainable future. The maritime transport sector holds particularly significant potential to make a difference. Ports and terminals play a pivotal role in the race towards decarbonization. As strategic global transportation hubs, their proposal of solutions for decarbonization efforts have a ripple effect across the seas. Their onshore facilities may provide the space and potential to produce renewable energies to contribute to powering shipping and haulage lines around the world. Excess energy could be stored and used during peak times or sold. Today, ports would like to transition from carbonized logistics hubs to potentially independent cost-efficient green energy hubs that can hugely impact global carbon emissions. Shipping operations are a valuable lever for improving energy efficiency, promoting sustainable practices, and contributing to research and development. This potential, coupled with an effective, harmonized regulatory landscape can help to achieve targets for net zero emissions in the future. Low-carbon sustainable solutions exist but the price to pay for the energy transition is currently high and there are complexities to their implementations. Ports and terminals may be confronted with technological, financial, operational and regulatory barriers. Equally, all stakeholders involved at every level international, national and local must have a common vision and target. Cooperation between all parties involved is needed for a coherent, consolidated approach to tackling emissions on a global scale.
Authors: Frank K Tuffner, Shannon K Idso
Many ports and waterfronts are evaluating alternative electrification efforts, including electrification of passenger and vehicle ferries. In Seattle, the Washington State Department of Transportation, in conjunction with Seattle City Light (the local utility) and the Port of Seattle, are working to deploy a hybrid electric ferry and provide charging at Seattle’s Colman dock. As part of this ferry electrification effort, Seattle City Light is considering including a large battery energy storage system (BESS) to help “buffer” the ferry charging. The “buffer” provides energy arbitrage and spreads out the large amount of power needed to recharge the ferry to times when the ferry is out of the dock – rather than one very large peak for 15 minutes, the battery storage allows it to be a smaller power value over a longer duration. This initial BESS concept served as the jumping off point to explore an expanded microgrid concept via a notional test system that incorporates additional distributed energy resources (DER) and infrastructure upgrades to the local distribution infrastructure at the Seattle Waterfront and neighboring Port of Seattle properties. This case study examined the potential for secondary use of the BESS within a networked microgrid during the scenario of a large-scale power outage, such as a natural disaster.
Authors: Ellen Schenk, Edward Carr, James J. Corbett, James J. Winebrake
This research focuses on cargo handling equipment (CHE), and on shore power for vessels during dockside hoteling. Four diverse U.S. ports were selected for case study: i) the Port of Baltimore; ii) Port Everglades; iii) the Port of Houston; and iv) the Port of Seattle. For this work, we focus on electrification of containerized cargo handling equipment and shore power during dockside hoteling. We assess: 1. Economic impacts of this conversion for the county and state in which a port operates; 2. Macroeconomic (jobs and economic growth) aspects of this conversion; and 3. Scenarios describing future-year potential benefits of electric technologies including regional economic activity and increased jobs at the state and county levels; 4. Environmental impacts of electrification by shifting from local diesel engine operation to regional electric grid power. We use methods for input-output analysis that rely upon estimates of energy demand for current petroleum diesel fuels and potential electrification in ports. Macroeconomic benefits are estimated based solely on energy expenditures which recur over the long-term. Capital costs and other non-recurring spending are not considered in this study. Economic activity is in 2018 dollars, the most recent year of data available in IMPLAN. We use container throughput projections to estimate cargo handling and shore power energy demand in future years for diesel engine power and electrical power. This work relies upon published port data, fuel and electricity prices, and emissions data for diesel engines and regional electrical grid profiles. Combining net energy expenditures with macroeconomic factors, we estimate the direct and indirect regional economic and job output from spending on port electrification.
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