3D model of the structure of metal allows students to appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of metal cations. The moving yellow dots represent the sea of delocalised electrons in the metal structure and students can see how the electrons do not belong to any metal cation in particular. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final_metal_structure/

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3D model of the structure of metal allows students to appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of metal cations. The moving yellow dots represent the sea of delocalised electrons in the metal structure and students can see how the electrons do not belong to any metal cation in particular. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

Tap on the button to show the flow of electrons when connected to a circuit.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final_metal_structure_property/

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3D model of NaCl allows students to appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of cations and anions. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

In addition, each Na cation is surrounded by 6 Cl anions while each Cl anion is surrounded by 6 Na cations, allowing students to deduce the mole ratio of the 2 elements to be 1:1 and hence the formula of the ionic compound is NaCl.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-nacl/

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3D model of CaF2 allows students to appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of cations and anions despite the lattice not being cubic. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

In addition, this model can be used to get students to deduce which coloured sphere is Ca cation and which is F anion. Students will need to tap on their understanding of period number and number of electron shells to make their deduction. Subsequently, they can consider the number of ions around each ion to deduce the formula of the ionic compound. Each Ca cation (grey) is surrounded by 8 F anions (green) while each F anion is surrounded by 4 Ca cations, thus the mole ratio of Ca2+:F- = 1:2 and hence the formula of the ionic compound is CaF2.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-caf2/

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3D model of Mg3N2 allows students to appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of cations and anions despite the lattice not being cubic. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

Students may not be able to deduce which coloured sphere is Mg cation and which is N anion as they may not know about interelectronic repulsion yet. Thus, teachers may wish to tell students that the grey spheres are Mg cations and blue spheres are N anions. Subsequently, they can consider the number of ions around each ion to deduce the formula of the ionic compound. Each Mg cation (grey) is surrounded by 4 F anions (blue) while each N anion is surrounded by 6 Mg cations, thus the mole ratio of Mg2+:N3- = 3:2 and hence the formula of the ionic compound is Mg3N2.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-mg3n2/

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3D model of the open structure of ice due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding (dotted bonds) resulting in low density and relatively high melting point of ice.

Teachers may wish to use this 3D model to help students appreciate the regular arrangement (lattice) of water molecules in solid state, linking to concepts in Kinetic Particle Theory. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-ice/

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3D model of diamond allows students to appreciate the giant covalent structure of diamond where each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms to form a tetrahedral unit which is repeated to give a 3D giant lattice structure. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure. From the structure of diamond, the effect on its physical properties can also be discussed.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-diamond-tet/

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3D model of graphite allows students to appreciate the giant covalent structure of graphite where each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms to form a giant layered structure and the last valence electron is delocalised between the layers. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant structure.

The 3D model can be used to highlight the locations of the strong covalent bonds and weak intermolecular forces of attraction within graphite. From the structure of graphite, the effect on its physical properties can also be discussed. Drag with 3 fingers to slide the graphite layers and tap on the button to show the flow of electrons when connected to a circuit.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final_graphite_structure_property/

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3D model of graphite allows students to appreciate the structure of an allotrope of carbon, fullerene. Discussion on whether fullerene has a simple or giant covalent structure can be facilitated with the 3D model.

Contrary to popular belief, fullerene has low electrical conductivity as it does not have a giant covalent structure so while the electrons are delocalised within each graphite molecule, they are not delocalised across the entire piece of bulk material, ie. it is difficult for electrons to jump from one graphite molecule to another .

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-fullerene/

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3D model of a carbon nanotube allows students to appreciate the structure of another allotrope of carbon. Discussion on whether carbon nanotube has a simple or giant covalent structure can be facilitated with the 3D model. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant structure. Discussions on the electrical conductivity of graphite, fullerene and carbon nanotube using the 3D models can help students better understand the nature of delocalised electrons and requirements necessary for electrical conductivity.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-carbon-nanotube/

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3D model of SiO2 allows students to appreciate the giant covalent structure of SiO2 where each silicon atom (biege) is bonded to four other oxygen atoms (red) while each oxygen atom is bonded to two other silicon atoms to form a tetrahedral unit which is repeated to give a 3D giant lattice structure. Emphasis should be made on the fact that the model is only a small part of a giant lattice structure. From the structure of SiO2, the effect on its physical properties can also be discussed.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-sio2/

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