H1/H2 Chemistry

3D models of atomic orbitals with axes from 1s to 3d can be displayed individually or as a group to allow students to appreciate the relative sizes, direction and shapes of the orbitals.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-atomic-orbitals-multimodel/ 

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Explore the various molecular geometries and bond angles of different molecules. Discussions about electron pair repulsions can be made more effective with the 3D models in this WebAR.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-vsepr/ 

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3D model of the open structure of ice due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding (dotted bonds) resulting in low density and relatively high melting point of ice.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-ice/

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3D model of P4O10 to show its symmetrical structure and how it has no net dipole moment.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-P4O10/ 

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3D model of methane molecule with a translucent paper plane to highlight the stereochemical bonds (wedged and hashed bonds) of the tetrahedral central carbon atom.

*9/8/23 edited to reduce size of paper plane and make paper plane rotate together with molecule

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-methane-paper-plane/

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3D model of ethane molecule with a translucent paper plane to highlight the stereochemical bonds (wedged and hashed bonds) of the tetrahedral central carbon atom.

*9/8/23 edited to reduce size of paper plane and make paper plane rotate together with molecule

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-ethane-paper-plane/

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3D models of bromochloromethane molecules portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the presence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

*9/8/23 edited to start off with mirror images and rotation axes to make it easier to achieve same orientation (just swipe to the right)

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-bromochloromethane-2in1-LR-ani/ 

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3D models of bromochlorofluoromethane enantiomers portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-s-r-bromochlorofluoromethane-2in1-LR/ 

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3D models of meso compound 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the presence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

*9/8/23 edited to start off with mirror images and rotation axes to make it easier to achieve same orientation (just swipe to the right)

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-meso-1r2s-2in1-LR/

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3D models of chiral 1,2-dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

Touch the screen with 3 fingers on either side of the screen to rotate the respective molecule about the C-C single bond.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-1s2s-1r2r-2in1-LR-ani/

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3D models of meso compound 1,2-dichlorocyclopropane portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the presence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-meso-1-2-dichlorocyclopropane-2in1-LR/

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3D models of chiral 1,2-dichlorocyclopropane portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-1r2r-1s2s-1-2-dichlorocyclopropane-2in1-LR/ 

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3D models of chiral 1,3-dichloropropadiene portrayed as mirror images for students to explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right sides of the screen.

Touch the screen with 3 fingers to hide/show the overlapping p orbitals which can be used to explain why the substituents are not in the same plane.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-r-s-1-3-dichloropropadiene-2in1-LR-surface/

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Mechanism of electrophilic addition is animated using 3D models to emphasize on the movement of electrons to form new bonds. Further discussions can be made on the initial polarisation of electron cloud, equal probability of nucleophilic attack and development of charges.

Press "Next" or "Back" buttons to navigate the different stages of the mechanism.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-electrophilic-addition-mechanism/

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Mechanism of SN2 is animated using 3D models to emphasize on the movement of electrons to form new bonds and the inversion of configuration. Further discussions can be made on the concerted nature of the mechanism, reaction kinetics and transition state.

Press "Next" or "Back" buttons to navigate the different stages of the mechanism.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-SN2-mechanism/ 

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Mechanism of SN1 is animated using 3D models to emphasize on the movement of electrons to form new bonds and the formation of a racemic mixture. Further discussions can be made on the reaction kinetics, equal probability of attack and products that are non-superimposable mirror images.

Press "Next" or "Back" buttons to navigate the different stages of the mechanism. 

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-SN1-mechanism/ 

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3D model of phenol molecule to show the overlap between p orbitals of the benzene ring with the orbital containing the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom.

Touch the screen with 3 fingers to hide/show the overlapping p orbitals.

Suggested by Ms Ong from VJC.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-phenol/ 

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3D model of acetone molecule with a translucent paper plane to highlight the trigonal planar geometry about the sp2 hybridized carbon atom.

Touch the screen with 3 fingers to hide/show the overlapping p orbitals.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-acetone-plane-porbitals/ 

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3D model of benzaldehyde molecule with p orbitals to highlight the planarity of the molecule and the delocalisation of electrons between the benzene π electron cloud and carbonyl group.

Touch the screen with 3 fingers to hide/show the overlapping p orbitals.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-benzaldehyde-mep/

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3D models of pivaldehyde and pivalone molecules with spacefill models to highlight the steric hindrance about the carbonyl carbon.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-pivaldehyde-pivalone-spacefill-2in1-LR/

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3D model of a cyanide nucleophile having equal probability of approaching from above or below trigonal planar carbonyl carbon resulting in a racemic mixture.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-ethanal-nucadd-stereochemistry/

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3D models of chiral cyanohydrin portrayed as top and bottom mirror images as a consequence of nucleophilic addition leading to a racemic mixture.

Students can better appreciate why a nucleophilic attack from above or below the plane will lead to the corresponding enantiomers.

Students can explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the top and bottom of the screen.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-ethanal-cyanohydrin-enantiomers-2in1-TB/

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3D model of an amide showing the delocalisation of nitrogen lone pair into C=O π electron cloud.

Students can better appreciate the overlap of orbitals leading to the delocalisation of nitrogen lone pair and chemical properties of amides.

The curious case of an amide (Kirby's amide) that is unable to achieve orbital overlap due to interlocking ring structures is also available for discussion, leading to impacts on its chemical properties (faster rate of hydrolysis, reacts like a ketone instead of an amide).

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-amide-or-not/ 

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3D models of various 3d orbitals are shown in the context of approaching ligands from different geometries.

Students can move the ligands closer to the 3d orbitals by touching the screen with 3 fingers to simulate the approach of ligands. Thereafter, the different extent of repulsion can be visualised by switching between different 3d orbitals.

Other than octahedral geometry of ligand arrangement, tetrahedral and square planar geometries are also included for possible extension.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-3d-orbitals-splitting/ 

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3D models of a transition metal complex with 2 bidentate ligands are portrayed as left and right mirror images.

Students can explore whether the mirror images are superimposable and the absence of plane of symmetry in the molecule.

The models can be manipulated independently by touching on the left and right of the screen.

Link: https://jacksonkoh8.github.io/final-tm-stereoisomers/ 

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