Speech & Communication Disorders

Characteristics

This involves “a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” Communication involves receiving, understanding, and expressing information, feelings, and ideas. It is a natural part of our daily lives.
Articulation disorders are the most frequent communication disorders in school-aged and preschool children. It involves the production of individual or sequenced sound coming from a speaker’s lips. Articulation errors may be in the form of substitutions, omissions, additions, and distortions. For example when a student says “hewwo” for “hello”, the student is substituting the /w/ for voiced /l/. When a student leaves a sound out of a word, that is an omission. For example, a student says “ite” instead of “kite”; then they have omitted the letter k. Additions are when a letter is added unnecessarily to a word. For example “browns” instead of “brown” where a student adds an additional letter or phoneme to a word. Distortions are modifications of the production of a sound in a word; a listener gets the sense that the sound is being produced, but it seems distorted. Common distortions, called lisps, occur when/s/,/z/, /sh/ and /ch/ are mispronounced.

Biological: This could be nervous system issues, the muscular system, the chromosomes, or the formation of the speech mechanism. They could include hereditary malformations, prenatal injuries, toxic disturbances, tumors, traumas, seizures, infectious diseases, muscular diseases and vascular impairments.
Environmental: The causes for environmental disorders are unknown. They could include disfluency in speech (stuttering and cluttering) and phonological disorders.

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