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МОСКВА, 7 марта. /ТАСС/. Правительство РФ утвердило перечень иностранных государств и территорий, совершающих в отношении России, ее компаний и граждан недружественные действия. Как сообщила в понедельник пресс-служба кабмина, подписано соответствующее распоряжение.
В перечень вошли США и Канада, государства Евросоюза, Великобритания (включая Джерси, Ангилью, Британские Виргинские острова, Гибралтар), Украина, Черногория, Швейцария, Албания, Андорра, Исландия, Лихтенштейн, Монако, Норвегия, Сан-Марино, Северная Македония, а также Япония, Южная Корея, Австралия, Микронезия, Новая Зеландия, Сингапур и Тайвань (считается территорией Китая, но с 1949 года управляется собственной администрацией).
Ранее упомянутые страны и территории ввели или присоединились к санкциям против России после начала специальной военной операции ВС РФ на Украине.
Перечень утвержден в рамках указа президента РФ от 5 марта 2022 года «О временном порядке исполнения обязательств перед некоторыми иностранными кредиторами».
Как отметили в кабмине, согласно этому указу, российские граждане и компании, само государство, его регионы и муниципалитеты, имеющие валютные обязательства перед зарубежными кредиторами из перечня недружественных стран, смогут расплатиться по ним в рублях. «Для этого должник может попросить российский банк создать специальный рублевый счет “С” на имя иностранного кредитора и перечислить на него выплаты в рублевом эквиваленте по курсу ЦБ на день платежа», — говорится в сообщении. Новый временный порядок распространяется на выплаты, превышающие 10 млн рублей в месяц (или аналогичную сумму в валютном эквиваленте).
The Biden Administration’s Gaffe-Prone Foreign Policy Team
Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow in defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute and a contributing editor at the National Interest, is the author of twelve books and more than 950 articles on international affairs.
This disturbing pattern casts doubt on the competence of U.S. foreign policy officials from the president on down.
Americans who believed that Joe Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election meant that “the adults were back in charge” of U.S. foreign policy now have multiple reasons to question their conclusion. The administration has made several significant policy missteps. The chaotic withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, which caused a severe loss of confidence among the NATO allies in Washington’s continued leadership role, is only the most prominent case. Mishandling the sale of nuclear submarines to Australia so badly that longtime ally France erupted in anger, accused U.S. officials of “lying,” and temporarily recalled its ambassador from Washington, ranks a close second. The list also includes misidentifying an Afghan aid worker as a terrorist and then launching a fatal drone strike on him and his family.
Such substantive blunders highlight the administration’s rocky start in the foreign policy arena. Additionally, the president and his advisers can’t even seem to get their public statements straight regarding important aspects of policy, and such a failure suggests even more pervasive incompetence.
One early incident took place in February when Pentagon spokesman John Kirby asserted that Washington supported Japan’s “sovereignty” over the Senkaku Islands, an uninhabited chain of islets that has become an increasingly contentious issue between Japan and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The official U.S. position since 2014 has been that while the United States would resist any use of force by the PRC to end Tokyo’s administration of the territory, Washington would not take a position on the competing legal merits of the territorial dispute. Kirby’s statement put the United States on record as endorsing Tokyo’s claim. It was clear that he had committed a gaffe since he had to beat a retreat the next day with a “clarification” reaffirming the established, more ambiguous policy.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a similar misstep in mid-September concerning Hong Kong. Blinken initially posted a tweet stating that the United States would “stand with the people of Hong Kong” against Beijing’s growing repression. When the PRC foreign ministry responded angrily, protesting supposedly “irresponsible slanders,” Blinken immediately deleted the tweet and replaced it with a more anemic version. Once again, a Biden administration official seemed to signal a hardline policy toward Beijing on a sensitive issue, only to retreat when encountering entirely predictable pushback.
Additionally, other officials have expressed comments that should be thoroughly embarrassing, if not shameful. Army Gen. Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, went out of his way initially to describe the drone attack in Afghanistan as a successful, necessary military action and “righteous strike.” He made that over-the-top description even though other Defense Department officials were already expressing caution and had started an investigation to determine if there had been innocent civilian victims. When evidence subsequently confirmed that the attack had been a horrifying error, Milley’s earlier statement seemed exceptionally arrogant and insensitive.
Biden’s verbal gaffes about foreign policy are even more worrisome than those of his subordinates. His confident assurance in July 2021 that Washington’s client regime in Kabul would endure rather than fall quickly to Taliban insurgents has generated widespread disdain. “The Taliban is not the south—the North Vietnamese army. They’re not—they’re not remotely comparable in terms of capability,” Biden stated. “There’s going to be no circumstance where you see people being lifted off the roof of an embassy in the—of the United States from Afghanistan. It is not at all comparable.” His prediction, of course, proved wildly inaccurate.
However, his latest clumsy comment about U.S. policy toward Taiwan should be the most troubling. ABC News host George Stephanopoulos once asked Biden if Washington’s allies could still rely on U.S. protection in light of the disorderly withdrawal from Afghanistan. Biden responded by stating, “We made a sacred commitment to Article Five that if in fact, anyone were to invade or take action against our NATO allies, we would respond.” The same alliance had been forged with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, he added.
Biden’s last comment was a gross misstatement of U.S. policy. The United States has treaty obligations regarding the defense of fellow NATO members, Japan, and South Korea, but it has no obligation to Taiwan. Washington has only a vague commitment under the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act to regard a PRC act of aggression against Taiwan as a serious “breach of the peace” of East Asia. There is no firm commitment to defend Taiwan from attack, and for better or worse, Washington has adhered to a policy of “strategic ambiguity” about its likely response for decades.
The next day, U.S. officials rushed to assure Beijing and other countries that U.S. policy on the ultra-sensitive Taiwan issue had not changed despite Biden’s comment. Again, however, the significant problem was the troubling disconnection between administration statements and the official U.S. position. It is a disturbing pattern that casts doubt on the competence of U.S. foreign policy officials from the president on down. Instead of the 2020 election leading to a team of sober, astute professionals, it appears to have produced a collection of dangerously gaffe-prone amateurs. America deserves better leadership.
Image: Reuters
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/skeptics/biden-administration’s-gaffe-prone-foreign-policy-team-194706
Ийм нэгэн асуулт тавигдаж байна. Хүннүчүүдийн түүх бол хүн төрөлхтөнд асар их нөлөө үзүүлсэн ард түмний түүх билээ. Хүннүчүүд зөвхөн Төв Азид ноёрхож оршин тогтнож байсан төдийгүй Европд нүүдлэн очиж Ромын гүрэнтэй эн зэрэгцэн оршиж байсныг түүхийн эх сурвалжууд харуулж байна.
What did the Xiongnu call themselves?
CaiLei
Chinese citizen, born and living in Changsha, Hunan
What did the xiongnu call themselves? God knows~The Chinese have always regarded the northern peoples as barbarians, and some things have been destroyed in history.
129 BC, The military generals Wei Qing(卫青) and Huo Qubing(霍去病) of the Han Dynasty smashed Dragon City(龙城), the capital of the xiongnu. There is no doubt that they will burn the capital of the xiongnu and destroy the cultural traces of the xiongnu. The buildings of Qin Shihuang's Afang Palace(阿房宫) were all burned, not to mention the xiongnu's capital, Longcheng, 83 years later.
Only underground tombs may be kept, but nomadic tombs usually have no mounds and gravestones, which are very difficult to find.
Maybe xiongnu called themselves "Xia"(夏) in the early days, But the relevant historical relics have not been found yet. I'm just guessing.
Sima Qian wrote, based on preceding Chinese records (Bamboo Annals), that the 匈奴 Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), a descendant of Lord Xia (夏后氏).
In Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian , the Xiongnu 匈奴 were mentioned as Shanrong 山戎, Xianyun 獫狁, and Hunyu 葷粥 between the age of Tang and the age of Yu (2205-1766 BC). In Shiji Suoyin (史記索隱) "Seeking the Obscure in the Records", Sima Zhen attributed this quote “In the time of Shang, they were called Xunyu [獯粥], which was changed to Xiongnu [匈奴]” to Fengsu Tongyi "The Meaning of Popular Customs", by Ying Shao (應劭, Hou Han Shu commentator, 195 AD); however, this quote no longer exists in extant Fengsu Tongyi texts.
3rd century scholar Wei Zhao also identified the name Chunwei with the name of the Xiongnu: “During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) they were called Xiongnu 匈奴, and the Hunyu 葷粥 is just another name for the same people, and similarly, the Xunyu 獯粥 is just another transcription of Chunwei’s 淳維, their ancestor’s name”.
Chunwei is alleged to be a son of Jie of Xia (Xia Dynasty's last ruler). Sima Zhen stated that Yue Chan (樂產) wrote in now-lost Guadipu (括地譜) "Register of the Encompassing Lands" that: “Jie, (ruler of) the House of Xia lived an immoral life. Tang exiled him to Mingtiao, he died there three years later. His son Xunyu 獯粥 married his concubines and they wandered far away to the northern wilderness in search of pasture lands, and then in the Middle Kingdom they were mentioned as Xiongnu 匈奴.” Lastly, Sima Zhen quoted Zhang Yan (張晏) as saying that “Chunwei, during the Yin era, fled to the northern borders.”
After the defeat of Xia by Shang, some Xia royalties founded the Qĭ state until 445 BC, The Qi state was well recorded in the Oracle script as the one major supporter of the Xia Dynasty.
Sima Qian(司马迁) stated in "The Biography of the xiongnu": The xiongnu have no written system, they use verbal commands to convey information and rely on this to maintain a system of governance.
Former Currently a Retired Boomer at Home at Hospitals (1979–2009)
Originally Answered: Is it true that Hazaras are descendants of Mongols?
The Hazaras consider themselves descendants of Genghis Khan.
In addition to legends, the theory has been confirmed in the writings of several medieval Persian and Mughal historians. The army of the great khan in the 12th century really swept through present-day Afghanistan, leaving regiments behind after their withdrawal. The Mongol name of these regiments is minggan, which is Hazar in Persian, meaning a thousand and from this the names of the people are derived. The Persian translation of the Mongolian word is also understandable in the sense that the Mongol soldiers who remained in the area soon mingled with the local, mostly Persian-speaking population and then fully merged into their culture. Indeed, despite their outwardly significant externally significant Mongolian traits (which distinguishes them from other ethnicities in Afghanistan and many medieval travelers have referred to as “Chinese Muslims”), their language is Dari, which is actually a dialect of Persian. The dialect of Hazaras is called Hazari, and what distinguishes it from Dari spoken in other parts of the country (which, incidentally, is one of the official languages of Afghanistan besides Pashto) is the significant number of words of Mongolian origin. This fact, and the characteristically oriental, Mongolian-like facial style of the Hazaras, have indeed given rise to many speculations as to their origin.
The Genghis Khan's origin legend is contradicted by Monstuart Elphinstone's book, in which the author writes during his 19th-century trip to Hazaraja that the Hazaras do not have a coherent origin legend, although they are thought to have Mogul (i.e. Mongolian) or Chagatai-Turkish ancestors. J.P. According to Ferrier's account, written at about the same time, "Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a 16th-century warlord and chronicler," confirms that they are descended from Genghis Khan. they were members of a very noble Mongol tribe who revolted against Genghis Khan, and as a punishment the khan ordered their exile to the Kabul area. However, when the Hazaras came to the vicinity of the river Oxus (Amu-Darya), Genghis Khan died; when some of them heard of it, they fled and settled in Badghis, north of Herat today.
So, while we can’t say for sure, there seems to be a reality base in the Hazara legend about Genghis Khan. What seems to refute Dughlat's description is the fact that there are not only words of Mongolian but also of various Turkish origin in the Hazara language, which some researchers attribute to the fact that the originally Mongol tribes migrated with other Turkish peoples before settling in the present -In Asia. However, we will hardly know more from this period due to the small number of rott resources.
Already in the sixteenth century, at the same time as Dughlat, they were referred to as hazara, in the time of the Mughal Babur, whose armies occupied Afghanistan.
The Hazaras have lived in tribes for centuries, and the accounting of tribal affiliation and genealogy is still important even among the Hazaras living in cities. (Since the Hazaras almost all follow the twelve trends of Shiite Islam, the Sunni Hazaras have over time proved to have stronger religious affiliation than the tribes, and they have formed tribal alliances with other non-Shiite, non-Hazara groups. ismáilí hazaras are also separated from their twelve peers.)
The names of the tribes have given rise to much speculation among researchers and many believe that they support the theory of Mongolian origin: one of the strongest tribes, the Dai Khitan, for example, is said to have originated from the Kara Khitans (Black Khitans), a tunguz conquered by Genghis Khan. was a Mongol tribe.
The name of another Hazara tribe, Qarluk, is already described in the descriptions around Genghis Khan: some of this tribe rebelled against the Khan, while others surrendered to it and were rewarded with large areas north of Afghanistan in Afghanistan.
In the central part of Afghanistan, in the rugged mountains, lives one of the country’s largest ethnic minorities, which is about It accounts for 20% of its 30 million population. The name of the area is its population, after Hazaras, Hazaraja, which the reader who is less familiar with Afghanistan may know about the city of Bamiyan and its former Buddha statue, which is also located here. The mountainous countryside is covered with huge snow, and the summers are cool and short, especially in the higher parts. Compared to the harsh climate, the area has long been relatively densely populated.
Hazaraja is an approx. it covers an area of fifty thousand square kilometers. A larger Hazara population still lives in the capital, Kabul and Badakhshan. Most of the Hazaras are twelve Shiites, but there are even Hazara tribes following the seven-week Shiite (Ismaili) trend of Islam at the foot of the Hindus.
Abdul Rahman began to take control of the Afghan provinces, and the Hazaras were among the first to revolt against him, and the Emir sent them allied Pashtah tribes who successfully defeated the uprising, massacreing and selling a number of Hazaras as slaves.
Forty girls from Uruzgan were also born during his reign, which is an important part of the Hazara legend to this day. The city of Uruzgan also took part in the revolt against Abdul Rahman, which was suppressed with similar severity: according to the story, the streets flowed from the blood and Abdul Rahman's soldiers devastated the area unbridled. However, there were forty-seven girls who did not surrender to their fate but chose to escape: as the ring wound around the city, they fled to Mount Saspar to escape the arrest and the inevitable violence that followed. When the soldiers went after them, they had no choice but to descend from the mountain in order to preserve their integrity, “to paint the earth red at the feet of the rocks,” as the legend holds. The girls ’story later inspired several poets and musicians.
Complementing the story is the fate of the women who wanted to be dragged to Kabul, the capital of the Emir. They, too, chose death rather than enduring the violence that awaited them and killed themselves on the river on their way to the capital.
What is the conflict between China and Mongolia?
Passionate about Chinese politics
According to the international agreements between Mongolian government and Chinese government, there is no fight, and Mongolia should be independent just like Inner Mongolia autonomous Region should belong to China. So, there is no conflict whatsoever between the two, nor any reason for it. But the situation is worth a better explanation.
Mongolia has always been geographically divided into two territories: Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Outer Mongolia is actually the territory of the Mongolian Nation as we know it today, while Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the PRC.
We need to note a couple of things:
1. There are more than 5 million ethnically Mongol in Inner Mongolia, while Mongolia itself has a population of 3 million people.
2. The economy of the two areas is very different. Inner Mongolia has a much higher GDP per capita (almost 3 times bigger) than Mongolia and better than many other Chinese provinces. That’s thanks to the natural resources of the area.
3. China has historically dominated the whole Mongolia for a long time. One of the Chinese dynasties was, after all, Mongol (Yuan Dynasty, led by Kublai Khan). China lost the control of this territory during the Century of Humiliations, in 1911. One year before the end of Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, which at the beginning didn’t recognize the de facto independence of Mongolia but was unable to take it back (also because Mongolia allied immediately to Russia first, and then to USSR).
Today we have a much more pacific relationship between China and Mongolia. This started in 1946 when the Republic of China recognized Mongolia as a sovereign state, possibly also because of a worsening of the internal situation in China during the civil war with the PRC. PRC, once it took lead of the nation, did not change direction, since Mongolia was, after all, a Communist nation and allied with USSR (and consequentially, to PRC). Yet, Mongolia was again considered Chinese territory by the Republic of China, because in 1953 the ROC exiled government in Taiwan decided to make a step backwards and forget about what they said in 1946. Till the early 2000s, Mongolia was a de jure part of the Republic of China (thanks to Anand Bayasgalan for having pointed this on the comments!). On the other side, the PRC chose to keep the same borders they got from the previous governments and respect the decisions of Mongolia and Mongolians. The relationship between the two countries is fairly good and they have been so even through the conflicts between PRC and COMINTERN. We should consider that China offered Mongolia access to the most close port to trade with far away nations (Tianjin, the most close port city to Beijing).
Since Mongolia has no access to the sea whatsoever, such a favor has a great value to help the country develop, and I think this is a clear explanation about how China decided to forget about all those territories, in exchange for a good neighbor.
После беседы в узком составе российско-монгольские переговоры продолжились в формате рабочего завтрака.
По окончании международных консультаций главы двух государств сделали заявления для прессы.
Кроме того, по итогам принята Совместная декларация по случаю 100-летия установления дипломатических отношений между Россией и Монголией.
Начало беседы с Президентом Монголии Ухнагийн Хурэлсухом
В.Путин: Уважаемый господин Президент!
Прежде всего хочу Вас поблагодарить за то, что Вы приехали к нам, приняли приглашение. После Вашего избрания, насколько я понимаю, это первый Ваш заграничный визит, это хороший знак.
Визит проходит в год столетия установления между нашими странами дипломатических отношений, [они] строятся сегодня на основе Договора [о дружественных отношениях и всеобъемлющем стратегическом партнёрстве], который мы несколько лет назад подписали.
Причём отношения развиваются, несмотря на пандемию, практически по всем направлениям: это и экономика, это и политические связи, сотрудничество в военной области, на международной арене.
У Вас очень большая, насыщенная программа, я знаю, пребывания в России. Уверен, что Ваш визит будет удачным, принесёт хорошие результаты.
Что касается экономики, то в прошлом году он [товарооборот] сократился в связи с пандемией на 20 процентов, но в этом году, за первые три квартала текущего года, он увеличился примерно на 25. Есть все основания полагать, что мы достигнем допандемийного уровня и можем [его] превзойти.
Господин Президент, я очень рад Вас видеть. Добро пожаловать.
У.Хурэлсух (как переведено): Спасибо большое, уважаемый Владимир Владимирович.
Действительно, после выборов Президента нашей страны я очень рад тому, что совершаю свой первый заграничный визит именно в Российскую Федерацию.
Хочу также выразить свою благодарность за возможность организации моего визита в рамках празднования нашего исторического юбилея – столетия установления дипломатических отношений между Монголией и Россией, несмотря на тяжёлую ситуацию с пандемией, которая есть, к сожалению, по всему миру.
Я считаю, что наши отношения действительно являлись историческими и очень знаменательными и хорошими. Сто лет тому назад представители нашей страны прибыли в Москву, и тогда была наша совместная борьба за установление независимости нашей страны и суверенитета. И в тяжёлые годы войны, и в послевоенные мирные времена наши народы тесно сотрудничали между собой и творили эту большую историю.
И во времена боёв на реке Халхин-Гол в 1939 году, и в годы Великой Отечественной войны, – Вы прекрасно знаете, что мы с большим почётом относимся к той исторической роли, которую сыграла Россия в те времена. Мы считаем, что Россия сыграла важную роль в мировой безопасности и в победе над нацизмом. Именно поэтому мы с большим почтением относимся к празднику Великой Победы.
За прошедшее время у нас действительно была богатая история. Мы тесно сотрудничали с советским народом, в частности в освоении целины, в строительстве больших промышленных предприятий, даже вместе полетели в космос. Сегодня у нас нет каких-либо политических разногласий, и [на протяжении] 100 лет между нами были действительно братские отношения. Монгольский народ считает, что наша дружба и товарищество являются примером хороших отношений не только в нашем регионе, но и в мире в целом.
В преддверии моего визита состоялось несколько важных встреч, в частности с Заместителем Председателя Правительства господином [Алексеем] Оверчуком, также с Заместителем Председателя Правительства госпожой [Викторией] Абрамченко. Проведено очередное заседание межправительственной комиссии. Также в нашей стране побывал с визитом начальник Генштаба [Вооружённых Сил] Российской Федерации. И также до моего визита в Россию было решено много вопросов хозяйственного значения.
Мы считаем, что наступили времена, когда мы можем говорить о новых начинаниях в наших отношениях.
Хотел бы также особо отметить, что в годы Вашей работы в должности и Президента, и Премьер-министра отношения между нашими странами активно развивались. Вы четыре раза были в нашей стране с визитом. Монгольский народ, наша страна в целом очень доброжелательно относятся и к российскому народу, и лично к Вам.
Есть один вопрос – это активизация торгово-экономических отношений между нашими странами. Когда я вступил в должность Президента, я поставил перед собой цель провести национальный проект «Транзитная Монголия». Я считаю, что в рамках реализации этого проекта очень важна также координация с инициативой, которую Вы озвучили, – это создание «Большого евразийского партнёрства». Мы горячо поддерживаем эту инициативу.
Мы проживаем в пространстве, которое объединяет как Азию с Европой, так и Россию с Китаем. Протяжённость монголо-российской границы составляет более 3500 километров, а с Китаем – 4700 километров. Также мы внимательно следим и за отношениями между нашими двумя великими соседями – между Россией и КНР. Вчера у вас состоялась встреча с главой КНР [Си Цзиньпином], и мы с большим интересом наблюдаем, и думаю, что и весь мир тоже уделяет большое внимание вашему сотрудничеству.
Именно поэтому мы и выдвигаем инициативу продвижения программы «Транзитная Монголия», поскольку через нашу территорию проходит кратчайший путь, который соединяет Европу с Азией и Россию с Китаем.
В наших планах есть строительство двух вертикальных железнодорожных линий – восточной и западной, которые проходят через восточную и западную части нашей страны. С восточной стороны эта железная дорога соединяет Китай с Забайкальским краем и [выходит] на дальневосточные порты. А в западном направлении эта железная дорога, связывающая дорога Кызыл – Курагино и дальше по нашей территории до китайской территории.
Также у нас есть вопрос о модернизации центрального железнодорожного коридора, который проходит через Иркутск.
Мы очень довольны результатами работы, которые проводят в области проекта строительства газопровода из России в Китай через территорию Монголии.
В 2019 году, будучи на должности Премьер-министра, когда я был с визитом в Российской Федерации, мы с Вами, уважаемый Владимир Владимирович, положили начало этому проекту. Я очень доволен, что этот проект идёт весьма успешно.
Vladimir Putin held talks in the Kremlin with President of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh, who has come to Russia on a working visit.
After a conversation in restricted format, the talks continued in the working breakfast format. Following international consultations, the presidents of the two countries made statements for the press.
In addition, a Joint Declaration was adopted on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Mongolia.
President of Russia Vladimir Putin: Good afternoon, Mr President, ladies and gentlemen.
We are delighted to welcome the President of Mongolia to Moscow.
After being sworn in as head of state, Mr President is paying his first foreign visit precisely to Russia, and this, of course, shows that Mongolia attaches great significance to developing neighbourly ties with Russia. Certainly, we are also interested in maintaining a close partnership with our Mongolian friends.
Mutually beneficial cooperation between both states has a long history. This year marked the 100th anniversary of the establishment of official diplomatic relations. I would like to recall that Russia became the first country to recognise the independence of the Mongolian state. Since then, Russian-Mongolian interaction has grown stronger and expanded, hinged on the principles of respect and consideration for each other’s interests. The people of Russia and Mongolia remember their war-time friendship, which Mr President has mentioned today and which was consolidated in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol and during World War
Today’s talks were held in a business-like and constructive manner. Mr President and I adopted the joint Political Declaration that builds upon the Treaty on Friendly Relations and Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, signed in 2019. And, most importantly, the Declaration sets forth clear guidelines for further deepening bilateral ties in various spheres of cooperation.
Apart from that, both parties have drafted and will sign during this visit a package of intergovernmental and interdepartmental documents covering many aspects of our interaction and cooperation, including the economy and trade.
Russia is one of Mongolia’s largest foreign trade partners. Despite the difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, mutual trade increased by 24 percent in the first nine months of 2021.
The Russian-Mongolian Intergovernmental Commission on Cooperation in Trade, Economy, Science and Technology is working effectively. This past November, Ulan Bator was the venue for its latest meeting, and the participants charted new specific plans for interaction in such fields as infrastructure, ore mining industry, power industry, agriculture, and digital technologies.
The Ulaanbaatar Railway is our flagship and quite successful joint commercial project. Over the past decade, the bilateral freight volume on this system has doubled from 15 to 30 million tonnes annually.
In recent years, Russia has supported a large amount of work to modernise and expand the Mongolian carrier’s rail lines as well as to strengthen its financial stability. In particular, a regular indexation of transport fees has been established, a debt-restructuring plan has been drawn up with regard to old loans from the 1990s, and a number of long-standing land issues have been resolved. We hope that all these steps will make rail transport across Mongolia more attractive and profitable.
Mr Khurelsukh and I have substantively discussed our energy cooperation. Russia is a reliable supplier of energy resources to Mongolia, providing about 80 percent of the country's demand for petroleum products. Russian energy companies are interested in working in the Mongolian market for fuels and lubricants and expanding their presence. In particular, Rosneft is now being registered as an operator of bulk fuel installations at the new international airport in Ulan Bator.
A project to build a Russia-China gas pipeline across Mongolia is under consideration. The discussion is progressing steadily. The new pipeline could be a branch of Russia’s Power of Siberia 2 pipeline. We have identified the best route, length and other parameters, and a feasibility study is underway. I think it will be available in the next few weeks.
Russia and Mongolia have gained solid experience in cooperating on electrical power engineering. Last year, our companies ROTEC and Ural Turbine Works completed the modernisation of the CHPP-4 thermal power plant in Ulan Bator. The upgrade increased the Mongolian national energy system’s capacity by 15 percent. Another joint project to modernise CHPP-3 is under consideration.
Good prospects are opening up for nuclear energy cooperation. Rosatom is exploring the possibility of building a Nuclear Science Centre in Mongolia which would be used to research the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in various sectors of the Mongolian economy, including industry, medicine, and agriculture.
Russia and Mongolia plan to continue to jointly pursue important environmental projects, which the President and I discussed in depth today. In particular, we will cooperate to preserve our cross-border rivers, including the Selenga and the Uldza, which form the unique ecosystems of Lake Baikal and Torey Lakes, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
I would like to emphasise that Russia and Mongolia have partnered in fighting the coronavirus infection. We have organised deliveries to Mongolia of our Sputnik V vaccine and test systems for detecting COVID-19. In addition, there are two Russian mobile laboratories working in Mongolia to identify dangerous viruses.
During the talks, we touched on the topic of humanitarian cooperation. We agreed to step up scientific, cultural and sports exchanges, and to continue the practice of regularly holding Russian-Mongolian Friendship Days and Days of Culture.
Russia provides assistance in training highly qualified specialists for all sectors of the Mongolian economy. Mongolian students are allocated 500 budget-funded places a year at our universities. We are satisfied with the fact that Mongolia has a well-established system for studying the Russian language.
I would like to note that Russia and Mongolia are successfully cooperating in defence and security, contacts between law enforcement agencies are getting stronger, and joint military exercises are held on a regular basis. In particular, within the framework of the annual Selenga exercises, joint tactical methods of fighting illegal armed groups are being practiced.
Russia and Mongolia’s positions on pressing regional and international problems overlap or are very close. Our countries coordinate their actions at the UN.
The possibility of including our Mongolian partners in the EAEU integration processes is being studied. A joint research group has been formed, which is studying the feasibility of creating a free trade zone between Mongolia and the EAEU.
Ladies and gentlemen,
The visit of the President of Mongolia continues, and he has an extensive programme which includes a meeting with the Prime Minister, the heads of both chambers of the Federal Assembly, and a meeting at the Security Council. With this in mind, we can be confident that President Khurelsukh’s visit will be successful and, without a doubt, productive. We have covered practically all aspects of our interaction. I am confident that the agreements to be reached will lead to expanding the comprehensive development of the Russian-Mongolian partnership.
Once again, I would like to thank the President for making his first state visit to the Russian Federation.
Thank you.
President of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh (retranslated): I am happy that my first foreign visit is to the Russian Federation. It is timed to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Russia. This visit is of historical significance. During the talks with Mr Putin, we summed up the development of relations over the past century, exchanged in detail our views on further goals and areas of cooperation and on major joint projects, and mapped out prospects for joint actions for the next century.
Both leaders noted with pride our good tradition of mutual assistance, which took shape during the struggle for freedom and independence, in the years of the Great Patriotic War, during peaceful development. We also expressed our intention to develop political dialogue in accordance with principles of equality and respect for territorial integrity and international law.
Close friendly cooperation over 100 years is a rare historical precedent. Our relations are a model of historical relations.
During President Putin’s visit to Mongolia in 2019, we signed a Treaty of Friendly Relations and Comprehensive Strategic Partnership for an indefinite term. Both leaders confirmed that it had become a foundation for enriching our comprehensive strategic partnership with new content and for its intensive development.
We have opportunities to develop cooperation in energy, supplies of fuel and lubricants, natural gas, in road and transport sector, communications, infrastructure, agriculture, environmental protection and other areas of trade and economic cooperation.
We consider it necessary to substantially expand our trade, economic and investment cooperation and raise it to a new level. During the visit, our country expressed its desire to develop intensive mutually beneficial cooperation. We invited our Russian partners to take part in infrastructure, railway, energy and other projects. We exchanged views on upgrading the checkpoints on our state border, increasing their throughput capacity and creating a cross-border zone of bilateral cooperation.
We plan to cooperate on the Mongolia-Russia-China economic corridor project, which was approved in 2016, and we are also satisfied with the successful implementation of the trilateral project for the construction of a gas pipeline from Russia to China through Mongolia.
In order to develop transport connections between Asia and Europe, as well as to fulfil Mongolia’s national goal, Transit Mongolia, we exchanged views on stepping up cooperation to increase the economic efficiency of the joint Mongolian-Russian company Ulaanbaatar Railway, upgrading its infrastructure and creating new railway, motorway and energy corridors.
Our two countries have a strong tradition of cooperation in humanitarian sphere, in culture, education and scientific research. We are grateful for the Russian Federation’s decision to increase the number of Government grants for Mongolian students.
Our countries closely cooperate within regional associations and international organisations and have confirmed plans to coordinate their efforts at the UN, ASEAN, and the SCO. We support the initiative of the Greater Eurasian Partnership put forward by President Putin, and we are willing to cooperate to implement joint projects to develop trade, economic and infrastructure related interaction.
During the visit, at the invitation of President Vladimir Putin, we approved a joint declaration on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Russia. Important documents on cooperation in the area of checkpoints and customs offices’ operation, as well as in the sphere of intellectual property, education and culture, were signed as well.
Our relations are moving forward despite the pandemic. We are in favour of overcoming the pandemic as soon as possible, restoring the spirit of cooperation and bringing it to a new level. I am pleased with the results of my visit.
On behalf of the Mongolian people, I would like to express gratitude to you, Mr President, and to our eternal neighbour, the great Russian people, for the efforts to promote traditionally friendly cooperation, and I wish you all the best.
Thank you.
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Lives in EuropeJan 30
Why did the Soviet Union never annex Mongolia?
The Mongolian People’s Republic under Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal actually asked the Soviet Union to annex Mongolia several times, but the Soviets refused. Why?
There wasn’t really a point in doing so. Mongolia is a landlocked state with a very low population density (In fact, Mongolia is the least densely populated country on Earth) with very little arable land. Despite being much larger than countries such as France, Mongolia only has 3 million people and during the 20th century Mongolia had even fewer people. In 1955, for instance, Mongolia only had 855,103 people. It is also important to note that the Mongolian People’s Republic was basically a Soviet republic in all but name until the 1990s, so the Soviets got everything they wanted from Mongolia without needing to incorporate it into the Soviet Union.
Mongolia also served as a buffer state between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. During the 1960s, relations between Nikita Khrushchev’s Soviet Union and Mao Zedong’s China started to considerably worsen, to the point that the Soviets saw themselves facing another formidable enemy (in addition to the United States) on the world stage which, unlike America, actually bordered the Soviet Union. In 1969 there were actually a handful of border clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops which nearly caused a war between China and the Soviet Union. Furthermore, annexing Mongolia could very well have been seen as an act of hostility by China, especially when you take into account the fact that the Soviets helped Mongolia break away from the Republic of China in 1921.
Studied at Shanghai University of International Business and Economics (Graduated 2015)1y
What is your review of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia?
Yeah. Chinese here.
Well, this problem used to make very few Chinese tourists go to Mongolia for a visit.
For me, UB is quite a peaceful city and pleasant one. What i’m keen on UB is that several cultures mixed in this single-big-city in Mongolia. During my trip in 2018, i still felt a bit strongly Russian-influenced and a little bit Chinese-style in the architecture from some temples. Last summer i felt a harsh change in UB, now this city is growing so fast and many Korean elements are in this city as well as new housing estates and working buildings. As a Russian culture lover, maybe a bit lost, because i heard UB city now is demolishing some socialist time museums or theatres. Of course i will have a third time to come to Mongolia. However, maybe at that time, UB will look the same modern as Seoul, Beijing.
The first time in UB was 2018 winter. Deeply shocked by the poor air pollution and freezingly cold weather. The iPhone was unworkable several times until we came into a warm indoor cafe or restaurant. But the white UB is more attractive than the summer one personally. Although i have lived in Shanghai since i was born and get used to the Wechat / Alipay, the shopping experience in UB looked quite fresh and we could get in touch with the kind Mongolians.
The second time in UB i felt the life expense increased a bit, and the prices are actually not cheap accodring to an average Chinese salary. The whole UB city is stepping hurriedly from a pro-CCCP style city into a modern & Seoul-style-like city. Taking from some native Mongolians, i feel that the living pressure is huge for an ordinary people in UB. This city is young-people-oriented and facing the transition as well as the challenges. Next time if i come to UB, hope it will change for better and more friendly. Living in UB is a nice experience.
Anyway, it’s pretty good to recommend to my friends a trip to Mongolia. And hope i will make more friendly Mongolian friends in Quora here!
Lives in Kathmandu, Nepal2y
What do Nepalis think of Mongolia?
I for one used to think very highly of Mongolia. When I was in my early twenties, I genuinely wished to have been born as a Mongolian. I liked the vast green steppes, bright sun, wintry winters, horses, Mongolian diet, and their music (throat singing especially) and chubby girls. Sometimes, I wonder I could have been a Mongol in my past lives because this fascination was not due to cultural exposure. I grew up in a fairly isolated village in Western Nepal. I still have some Mongolian songs on my mobile phone and listen to them occasionally but I do not understand their meaning.
For me, the Mongol on the horse-back was the symbol of ultimate freedom and confidence back then.
With time, this fascination waned. After spending countless hours watching documentaries, I came to realize that Mongolia with all its glorious past and potentially bright future is no heaven on earth. It has its strengths and weaknesses. The nomad, although autonomous and proud, leads a difficult life. (More difficult now, due to climate change: more bitter winters and more harsh summers). And, Ulaanbaatar suffers from coal-dust pollution.
Nepal owes its Mongoloid population to Mongolia ultimately and Mongolia owes its Buddhism to Nepalese monks. There are elements of shared connection in language, music, and dress. For example, the alcoholic drink made from fermented mare milk is called Airag in Mongolia and millet wine among Tamangs (a Tibetan-Mongoloid) ethnic group in Nepal calls it iraakh. Down below in Indonesia, they call it Arak but I do not know if it’s a cognate of Airag or not.
I would love to visit Mongolia someday and live in a ger with a nomadic family and ride horses.
Mongolia is a developing country in Asia, landlocked between two great powers. It is very important for our foreign policy to establish and develop good-neighborly and friendly relations with its neighbors. Concept of Mongolia’s foreign policy says “Maintaining friendly relations with the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation shall be a priority direction of Mongolia’s foreign policy activity. It shall not adopt the line of either country but shall maintain in principle a balanced relationship with both of them and shall promote all round good neighborly cooperation. In doing so, the traditional relations as well as the specific nature of our economic cooperation with these two countries will be taken into account”.
Mongolia is the country, which has the longest boundary line with China and Russia. Mongolia has successfully negotiated boundary talks with her great neighbors to the north and south. Mongolia and China share a boundary line of 4672 kilometers. It had been formally delimited. Mongolia has successively solved the boundary questions left over from the past with China. Mongolia has concluded several important treaties and agreements concerning the border with China. These are as follows:
1. Boundary treaty between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 26 December 1962 )
2. Protocol of the boundary line between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 30 June 1964)
3. Protocol of the First Joint Inspection on the boundary line between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 31 July 1984 )
4. Agreement on the protection and utilization of the border water between Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China (29 April 1994 )
5. Agreement on the triangle border juncture of boundary line among Mongolia, Russia and China ( 27 January, 1994 ).
6. Agreement on border crossing point and its regulations between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 05 July 2004)
7. Protocol of the Second Joint Inspection on the boundary line between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 28 November 2005 )
8. Agreement on border regulations and rules between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China ( 01 June 2010)
In Mongolia’s view, all the problems remained from the past history between itself and its neighbours can be settled only through peaceful consultation, mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and in the spirit of mutual understanding and mutual accommodation to the benefit of the two peoples. Based on these principles, Mongolia has successfully solved the boundary questions left over from the past with its neighbours.
From the report of Ayurzanа at the conference
Mongolia's participation in the cooperation and
integration of Northeast Asia
Strengthening cooperation in Northeast Asia is in the interests of various parties, and is also a common aspiration of the regional countries. As an important member of Northeast Asia, the Mongolia adheres to the concept of peace and development, makes efforts to create a harmonious and friendly environment and seeks to promote contacts and dialogue between the countries of the region. Mongolia has good and friendly relations with all countries of NEA. She has no territorial disputes with any of the neighboring countries. The country plays an active role in international multilateral mechanisms, including the UN, ASEM and the OSCE.
Mongolia can actively participate in economic cooperation and the integration of Northeast Asia. Mongolia has rich resources of coal, precious metals and energy. Therefore, cooperation is possible in the field of mining, processing and use of mineral resources. To cooperate in this area, Mongolia needs foreign investment. China, Japan and South Korea have the financial resources and technology for cooperation with Mongolia in this area.
The policy of the Chinese government " One Belt, One Way " gives Mongolia a very favorable opportunity for the development of economic cooperation with the region.
China and Mongolia continue to make efforts to promote the integration of the “One Belt, One Way” Initiative and the “Development Path” strategy of Mongolia.
Mongolia, Russia and China signed a memorandum on the creation of economic corridors in 2015. The program is valid for five years from the moment of its signing and is extended for every five years.
Under the program, the parties agreed on the implementation of 32 projects in the field of infrastructure (modernization of railways, roads and electric networks), as well as industry, the environment, science, agriculture and humanitarian.
Mongolia and Russia agreed to build a gas pipeline through Mongolia to China. It will not only be the biggest project between the three countries but also the Northeast Asia region.
The most pressing issue in Northeast Asia is energy supply. The world's largest producer of oil and natural gas, Russia is the best source of oil and natural gas imports for China, Japan and Korea.
In addition to oil and natural gas, renewable energy is of great importance in increasing energy supply. The renewable energy sector, especially the sun and wind turbines, are intensively developing. For example, in 2017, 70 percent of the world's newly installed electricity generation capacities are renewable. Renewable energy capacity additions in 2020 expanded by more than 45% from 2019, including a 90% rise in global wind capacity (green) and a 23% expansion of new solar photovoltaic installations (yellow).
Worldwide energy production from renewable energy reaches 2195 Gigabit, and 18.2 percent of global energy consumption is supplied from renewable energy sources.
Mongolia has huge reserves of renewable energy. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) have presented the renewable energy preparedness report, in cooperation with the Ministry of Energy of Mongolia. According to it, some 15 thousand terawatt/hour (15000000 Megawatt Hours) electric power can be produced per year when using our solar and wind energy.
If properly exploits the reserves of Mongolia, the country could become a key supplier of energy to the regional market. International organizations have calculated that energy consumption in Northeast Asia is expected to almost double by 2040.
khar-ayur.blogspot.com
Stress is always going to be a part of our lives stress is knocking on your door.
Stress is there when you wake up or go to bed.
But we need it in life and it can put us into a mental rut, a place of hopelessness, and a place we want to escape.
Whatever you want to call it, it is the experience of going nowhere in your life. It can seem like you cannot make the right choices or seem to move forward and this can become a challenge for many people.
Having a mental block is just one of those things that unexpectedly pop up in your life. It just won’t seem to go away no matter how much you try to shake it off.
How To Reduce Stress Naturally?
How To Reduce Stress Naturally?
Exercise, especially outdoors. It never fails to help me relax and unwind no matter how much I don’t want to do it. Finishing the thing I’m stressed about. I guess 90% of what I get stressed about is stuff that I have to do, so if I just get on with it and finish it off then I feel much better. I sometimes go overboard with this, I’ve stayed up more than once all night to finish something.
It happens to anyone and everyone at some point.
It doesn’t matter if you live a stress-free life or have the mental fortitude as tough as a castle wall. A mental blockage will pop up in the most unexpected of times and when it does it will be up to you to face it head-on and overcome the obstacle.
Daily stress is a critical factor that pulls you into a mental rut
Having to go through a mental rut personally and just recovered as I’m writing this article, I know it horrible it is to just be stopped dead in your tracks when you had so much momentum going on in your life. I want to break down how these situations occur and how to go about it. One of those most common occurrences is daily stress. All too often we are faced with stress coming from multiple directions all at once and constantly bombarding us day in day out. We get it from family, friends, children, at school, the workplace, or in our social life and it tends to creep upon us.
Positive stress is needed in order for growth and change at a manageable level but too much of it could result in a meltdown.
With all the different pressures placed upon us in this society that we live in, is it easy to fall into this trap and not know that it is slowly building up?
We have to be self-aware and realize when a negative build-up of stress is present
Over time when it becomes too much our body cannot take any more of the stress.
The problem with this is being pushed to the limit and then involuntarily having a sudden outburst could lead to very impulsive and unwarranted actions. This can lead to actions we may later regret such as lashing out at someone close to us. We may potentially physically hurt someone or verbally mock or abuse a close friend due to the unleashing of built-up stress.
I am sure you have seen this happen in your life.
This is why we must learn to process these feelings and deal with them before they get out of hand.
We live in such a fast-paced society that most of us forget to take a moment to breathe and tend to ourselves. We have come to the lifestyle of work, work, work and it’s in these moments where the stresses accumulate.
The secret to overcoming the mental fog is to stop, be still and become present to the moment
In order to start lifting the fog of this mental barrier that we’ve placed upon ourselves; we first have to stop.
Stop and take a moment to realize that your current speed in life is taking a toll on your well-being.
The first objective before you do any further damage upon yourself is to stop what you are doing.
It may be hard to step away from the habits and behaviors that serve you at the time. However, if you are not careful you may lead to burnout due to not being aware of built-up negative stress. The human body cannot go on one speed in life forever and balancing our hard work and rest is the key to maximizing our health.
It is better to be consistent than to be extremely productive and then having to stop due to burnout.
We can benefit in productivity to take the time to see what we are doing great or inefficient.
They say a smart person learns from their mistakes but a wise person and also learns from the mistakes of others.
I would suggest taking the time to analyze your recent behavior and what has been going through your mind.
Become self-aware of your mindset, behaviors, and habits to take inventory of your life to reduce stress
On top of that, consider where you could try something new to innovate any part of your life. We can benefit by making small shifts in our mindset and behavior. That one shift could change your life forever, so I would invite you to look a what you could do differently.
For myself, I find that breathing at the moment resourceful.
Just letting out a deep breath allows me to let go of all the tension inside my body.
From there I can try something new or different. Because without breathing, we cannot live. Depending on how you breathe you allow your body to contract or relax its muscles. The more intuitive you are with breathing and connecting with your body, the better you are able to heal your body.
Breathing deeply and connected can help reduce stress in your life
This is why yoga, meditation, and many practices that involve the use of breathing are starting to become more popular.
I use myself as an example of how to utilize breathing to reduce stress.
When my body is under stress, I acknowledge the type of stress that it is.
It could be positive or negative stress. But I have noticed that during times of negative stress, is time for me to rest.
During times of negative stress, If I have the choice I would rest
By rest do not lie around on the couch or going to sleep hoping that it would fix everything.
I mean rest as in resting from life’s stressful pressures and start giving my body and soul what it needs.
This could be just going for a walk to clear your mind to do your favorite sports or activities.
Resting your mind is not limited to just physical play to let out your stress. You could also talk to someone about it. Whether it be family, friends, or a co-worker; find someone you trust and can really be honest talking to your feelings about.
Know that they may not understand you but they are there for you. By speaking to a close friend or family it can literally take the weight of the world off your shoulders. It will clear up the pain from within and you will benefit from the love and support others can give.
Whatever it is you decide to do to reduce stress I would invite you to do something you are comfortable with.
You do not want to get forced into playing a sport you don’t like or talking to someone you don’t enjoy being around.
Do not create further stress in order to solve a problem
Even professionals need someone to talk to and have a way to reduce stress in their busy lives. Just look at doctors, counselors, psychiatrists, etc. It is in their profession to help others and listen to their stories in order to provide advice and help that recovery. Yet those same people benefit from having others care and love for them as well.
Partake in the activities you enjoy and surround yourself with people that make you happy
Take a step back because there is no rush in the journey of life
If you are feeling stressed or close to an emotional meltdown, take a step back and breathe.
Use that pent-up frustration to do something else and turn that negative energy into positive energy.
We can’t tackle challenges in life if we are not in the right mind frame.
We are only human so don’t be so hard on yourself when things do go as plan.
It’s okay to stop and have a moment to yourself.
You can take a day, a week, or a month off if you need to get into the right mindset.
Life is not linear or gradual.
We may have a very good week, month, or year but we will also have some off days, weeks or months where we are just not feeling ourselves and that’s okay.
Part of life is going through its experiences and being able to keep a good attitude no matter what comes your way.
I know that when I was writing this I was not feeling my best yet I continued to go through until the end and here we are.
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