F Y:                            I.K.S

Indian Knowledge System (IKS)

Credit: 02                             Vertical: Vth (AEC, VEC, IKS)                               FY Sem I/ II

Course Objectives:

      To sensitize the students about context in which they are embedded i.e. Indian culture and

      civilisation including its Knowledge System and Tradition.

      To help student to understand the knowledge, art and creative practices, skills and values in ancient

      Indian system.

      To help to study the enriched scientific Indian heritage.

      To introduce the contribution from Ancient Indian system & tradition to modern science &

      Technology.

 Course Outcomes:

      Learner will understand and appreciate the rich Indian Knowledge Tradition

      Lerner will understand the contribution of Indians in various fields

      Lerner will experience increase subject-awareness and self-esteem

      Lerner will develop a comprehensive understanding of how all knowledge is ultimately intertwined.

 Module 1: ( 10 Hours ):

1. Introduction to IKS

(What is knowledge System, Characteristic Features of Indian Knowledge System)

2. Why IKS?

(Macaulay’s Education Policy and its impact, Need of revisiting Ancient Indian Traditions)

3. Scope of IKS

(The Universality of IKS (from Micro to Macro), development form Earliest times to 18th Century CE)

4. Tradition of IKS

(Ancient Indian Education System: Home, Gurukul, Pathashala, Universities and ancient educational centres)

5. Relevant sites in the vicinity of the Institute

(Water Management System at Kanheri, Temple Management of Ambarnath, etc.).

 Module 2: (10 Hours)

1. Medicine (Ayurveda)

2. Alchemy

3. Mathematics

4. Logic

5. Art of Governance (Arthashastra).

Module 3: (10 Hours)  (Select Any FIVE out of the following)

1. Aesthetics

2. Town Planning

3. Strategic Studies

4. Krishi Shastra

5. Vyakaran & Lexicography

6. Natyashastra

7. Ancient Sports

8. Astronomy

9. Yoga and Wellbeing

10. Linguistics

11. Chitrasutra

12. Architecture

13. Taxation

14. Banking

15. Trade and Commerce

Water Management System at Kanheri Caves

The Kanheri Caves, nestled in the black basaltic mountains of the Deccan range near Mumbai, India, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and advanced knowledge of ancient Indian civilization. These caves, carved meticulously from rock between the 1st century BCE and the 10th century CE, are not only significant for their religious and cultural importance but also for their sophisticated and highly efficient water management system. This system reflects the deep understanding and application of Indian ancient knowledge in harnessing natural resources to sustain human habitation in a challenging environment.

1. Overview of Kanheri Caves

• Location: Kanheri Caves are located near Borivali, Mumbai, India (19° 13 N and 72° 59 E), 10 km southeast of Borivali.

• Historical Significance: These ancient Buddhist rock-cut caves date from 1st century BCE to 10th century CE. They were used for meditation, study, and living quarters for monks.

• Geological Background: The name "Krishnagiri" comes from the Sanskrit words "Krishna" (Black) and "Giri" (Mountain), referring to the black basalt mountains of the Deccan range.

2. Unique Water Management System

• Rock-Cut Cisterns: Ingeniously carved cisterns from the rock to collect and store rainwater, ensuring a reliable water supply even during dry seasons.

• Aqueducts and Channels: Networks of aqueducts and channels were created to guide water into cisterns and tanks, preventing wastage and ensuring efficient distribution.

• Water Filtration: The system included natural filtration processes to purify water before storage, demonstrating advanced engineering knowledge.

3. Sources of Water

• Rainwater Harvesting: The primary source of water, collected from the mountains and stored in large, strategically placed tanks.

• Natural Springs: Underground springs also supplied water, as seen in cisterns like the one in cave no. 10, which could hold over 40,000 liters.

4. Types of Water Storage

• Large Tanks: Open tanks located on hilltops, possibly used for bathing or as reserves during water scarcity.

• Underground Cisterns: Carved beneath the surface, these tanks stored large amounts of water and were connected to natural streams.

• Reservoir (Dam Structure): A dam-like reservoir was constructed at the junction of two mountains, turning a non-perennial stream into a perennial water source.

5. Epigraphical Evidence

• Donations: Inscriptions indicate that many cisterns and water tanks were donated by patrons, reflecting the importance of water conservation in the monastic community.

• Cave Inscriptions: Donors from nearby regions like Kalyan, Sopara, and Chaul contributed to the construction and maintenance of these water systems.

6. Strategic Importance

• Trade Routes: The location of Kanheri near ancient trade routes and ports like Sopara enhanced its significance, making it a hub for commerce and cultural exchange.

• Self-Sustaining Environment: The sophisticated water management system allowed the monastery to thrive in a semi-arid region, supporting a large monastic population over centuries.

7. Current Water Consumption Context

• Water Needs: Understanding historical water management systems like Kanheri's can inform modern water conservation practices, particularly in urban areas like Mumbai.

These  aspects is helpful to highlight the engineering prowess of ancient India, the importance of water management in sustaining life and culture, and how these ancient practices can offer insights into contemporary water conservation challenges.

The water management system at Kanheri is more than just an ancient technological achievement; it is a manifestation of the profound knowledge and wisdom of ancient India. This system, with its innovative solutions and sustainable practices, serves as a powerful reminder of the rich legacy of Indian ancient knowledge and its relevance in addressing modern challenges.

Temple Management of Ambarnath:

Introduction

The Ambarnath (Ambreshwar) Shiva Temple, located near Ambarnath (East) in Maharashtra, India, is a significant religious and architectural marvel built in 1060 AD. Commissioned by King Chittaraja and completed by his son Mumunni, this temple stands on the banks of the Vadavan (Waldhuni) river. The temple is an excellent example of Hemadpanthi (an architectural style, named after its founder) architectural style, known for its intricate carvings on stone, and was entirely carved from a single large boulder. The temple is not only a place of worship but also a focal point for cultural, economic, and educational activities, reflecting the sophisticated management systems integral to ancient Indian temples.

Overview of Ambarnath Shiva Temple

·         Name and Location: Ambarnath means "Sky-Lord," and it refers to the site of an ancient Shiva temple, also called the Ambreshwar Shiva Temple. It is situated 2 km from Ambarnath (East) railway station, on the banks of the Vadavan (Waldhuni) river in Maharashtra, India.

·         Historical Significance: The temple was built in 1060 AD. The temple is a marvel of architecture, entirely carved from a single large boulder, showcasing the incredible craftsmanship of the 10th century.

·         Architectural Style: The temple is built in the Hemadpanthi style, known for its intricate stone carvings and classical design. It reflects the sophisticated architectural knowledge and techniques prevalent during its time.

Management Aspects of Ambarnath Shiva Temple

1.      Architectural Planning and Construction:

1. • The management of temple construction involved meticulous planning, from selecting the site near the Vadavan River to the design and execution of carvings.

   • The temple was built using a single boulder, requiring advanced knowledge in stone cutting, carving, and assembling.

   • The project was a long-term effort, initiated by King Chittaraja and completed by his son, Mumunni, reflecting the dynastic commitment to the temple's creation.

2.      Temple’s Role in Community Management:

2. • Cultural Hub: The temple served as a center for religious activities and community gatherings, becoming a focal point for cultural life in the region.

   • Economic Impact: The temple management likely contributed to local economic activities, attracting artisans, traders, and pilgrims, thus boosting the local economy.

   • Water Management: The location on the banks of the Vadavan river indicates an understanding of water resources, essential for the temple’s rituals and the sustenance of its visitors and residents.

3.      Ritual and Religious Management:

3. • Daily Rituals: The management of rituals, including daily offerings, prayers, and special ceremonies, was crucial. The presence of skilled priests and a structured schedule would have ensured the temple's smooth functioning.

   • Festival Management: The temple would have hosted various festivals, requiring careful planning to accommodate large crowds and maintain the sanctity of the site.

   • Scriptural Adherence: The rituals performed were likely aligned with ancient texts, ensuring religious propriety and continuity of tradition.

4.      Sustainability and Preservation:

4. • Structural Maintenance: The temple management would have been responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the temple, including the preservation of carvings and repairing any damage caused by natural elements.

   • Cultural Preservation: The temple has stood the test of time, serving as a repository of ancient architectural and cultural knowledge. The management’s role would have included preserving this heritage for future generations.

5.      Educational Role:

5. • Knowledge Dissemination: The temple likely served as an educational center where knowledge related to religion, architecture, and community management was passed down to future generations.

   • Scriptural Studies: The temple management may have overseen the study of sacred texts, rituals, and temple architecture, contributing to the broader Indian Knowledge System.

6.      Governance and Administration:

6. • Hierarchical Management: The administration of the temple would have involved a hierarchical structure, with roles defined for priests, caretakers, and other staff.

   • Resource Allocation: The management would have ensured the allocation of resources for temple activities, including rituals, maintenance, and charity.

   • Legal and Epigraphical Records: The inscriptions and records found at the temple indicate a formal system of management, documenting donations, construction activities, and the involvement of royal patrons.

The Ambarnath Shiva Temple is not just a religious site but a testament to the sophisticated management systems that were integral to ancient Indian temples. The temple's management involved a blend of religious, architectural, economic, and cultural elements, all of which contributed to its enduring legacy within the Indian Knowledge System.