S Y BSc. Botany Major (Sem IV)

🌱 Course: II: Functional Botany II (02 Cr)

🎯 Course Introduction

This course builds upon the foundation of Functional Botany–I of last semester III and explores how plants function at the physiological, anatomical, and molecular levels. It bridges the gap between structure and function in plants, helping learners understand how plants respond to environmental factors and internal signals.

📘 Course Objectives (COs)

The course aims to enable the learner to:

1.     Gain knowledge of Photoperiodism and Vernalization in plants.

2.     Learn about stress mechanisms that help plants survive adverse conditions.

3.     Acquire knowledge of the internal morphology of plants.

4.     Understand proteins — their classification, types, structure, and function.

5.     Explore the applications of plant anatomy in various scientific and industrial fields.

🌾 Course Outcomes (COs)

After successful completion of this course, the learner will be able to:

1.     Describe the physiological processes of Photoperiodism and Vernalization.

2.     Analyze how plants respond to and manage environmental stress.

3.     Discuss the internal morphological features of plants and their significance.

4.     Explain the classification, structure, and function of proteins in plants.

5.     Understand and apply the anatomical principles in related fields like taxonomy, ecology, and pharmacognosy.

Detailed Course

Module 1: Plant Anatomy (15 Lectures)

Topics:

·        Meristem: Characteristics, types, and functions

·        Plant Tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, and Conducting tissues

·        Normal Secondary Growth: Dicot root and stem

·        Special Anatomical Features: Growth rings, Periderm, Tylosis, Heartwood, and Sapwood

·        Mechanical Tissues: I-girder in plants – Inflexibility, Incompressibility, Inextensibility

·        Applied Anatomy: Anatomy in relation to taxonomy

Activity:

·        Poster / Oral Presentation / Model of Anatomical Structures (as per theory)

Module 2: Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry (15 Lectures)

Plant Physiology

·        Phytochrome: Physico-chemical properties, Pr–Pfr interconversion

·        Photoperiodism: Definition, types (SDP, LDP, DNP), and significance

·        Vernalization: Concept, mechanism, and applications

Plant Biochemistry

·        Carbohydrates: Definition, classification, and structure

·        Proteins: Definition and classification

Activity:

·        Documentation of flowering in local plants during different seasons

·        Survey and collection of dietary pulses

🧭 Teaching–Learning Strategies

·        Interactive lectures with diagrams and demonstrations

·        Laboratory exercises focusing on internal morphology

·        Case studies on stress physiology and protein structure

·        Group discussions and short presentations

·        Use of charts, models, and animations for visual learning.

S. Y. BSc Botany Major Sem-IV

Course: III: Practical Approaches in Plant Sciences II (Practical)

List of Practicals - External

1. To study the life cycle of Pinus. (Vegetative /reproductive structures)

2. Types of Inflorescences (any one example of each type)

3. Study of Families: Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Amaryllidaceae - Classification, Morphological peculiarities, Floral Formula, and Economic importance.

4. Estimation of Protein by Lowry’s method.

5. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by Paper Chromatography. 

6. Study of Normal Secondary Growth in dicot stem and root. 

7. Coefficient of correlation. 

8. Regression analysis.     

List of Practicals - Internal

1. Study of different types of fossils- (with the help of photo)

2. Study of Leaf morphology. (As per theory)

3. Garden Locations (Hedges, Edges, Lawn, Arch and pergola, Avenue, Flower Beds Rock Garden and Water Garden).

4. Preparation of Garden Plans: Formal and Informal Gardens.

5. Estimation of reducing sugars.

6. Growth Rings, Periderm, Lenticels, Tyloses, Heart Wood and Sap wood. 

7. Study of tissues in plants (Sunflower stem, Nerium leaf, etc.).