Three ways to write bʼalam using combinations of the logogram with the syllabic signs as phonetic complements. From left to right: bʼa-bʼalam, bʼalam-ma, and bʼa-bʼalam-ma
Ancient Egyptian writing was not a simple logographic system, where each symbol represents a single word. It was a complex and flexible script that combined logograms (word-signs), phonograms (sound-signs), and determinatives (meaning-signs) to convey meaning.
Ankh (𓋹), Djed-pillar (𓊽), and Was-scepter (𓋾) => carried together by gods and pharaohs, this combination represents the concepts of life, stability, and power
The Red Crown of Lower Egypt (𓋔) combined with the White Crown of Upper Egypt (𓋑) => Pschent (𓋖) symbolizes the unification of the two lands of Egypt and the pharaoh's authority over both
A sedge plant (𓇿) for Upper Egypt, a bee (𓆤) for Lower Egypt, and a basket (𓎡) meaning "lord" => A title for the king, combining "he of the sedge" and "he of the bee" (𓀵)
Logographic scripts rely on the rebus principle:
the word "been" might be depicted by a rebus showing an illustrated bumblebee (𓆤) next to a plus sign (+) and the letter "n" = 𓆤 + n
the picture 𓁹 could mean "eye", but also for the phonetic equivalent, the first person pronoun "I".
H + 𓂈 = "Hear", or Here
walk in the park = p walk ark
pictograms and emojis used as phonograms was a precursor to the development of the alphabet => this process represents one of the most important developments of writing. Fully developed hieroglyphs read in rebus fashion were in use at Abydos in Egypt as early as 3,400 BC[5] and was first employed on Proto-Cuneiform tablets, beginning in the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3,100–2,900 BC)
A determinative, also known as a taxogram or semagram, is an ideogram used to mark semantic categories of words in logographic scripts. In cuneiform texts of Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite languages, many nouns are preceded or followed by a Sumerian word acting as a determinative, for example:
𒀭 (DINGIR or d) for god and other divinities
𒀯 (MUL) for stars and constellations, gods? -- CKS
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, determinatives came at the end of a word.
Johnson, Joseph, letter to Senator Trumbull - Revolutionary war
Al-Jallad, A. [in press (2025)]. The Decipherment of the Dhofari Script: Three halḥam abecedaries and the first glimpses into the corpus. Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux (JEOL) 49
Page 18 says "br" means "son of"...
Which is similar to the Egyptian "duck" =>
See Adamic -𝄐
A) Cylindrical Seal - Drucker pg. 152
the Louvre. Uruk period (4000–3100 BC)
"Son of..."
Table of Egyptian Transliteration schemes
Although the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs is very complicated, there are only 24 consonantal phonemes in transliterated text, ordered alphabetically in the sequence:
ꜣ j ꜥ w b p f m n r h ḥ ḫ ẖ z s š q k g t ṯ d ḏ