Diagram
Flowchart
Process
Linear
Manufacturing
Cyclic
Natural cycles
Life cycles
Recycling
Numerical Data
Graphs
Bar
Line
Table
Pie chart
The diagram illustrates the process of producing leather goods from animal skins.
Overall, the production involves a series of stages, beginning with the drying of animal skins and ending with the manufacture of finished leather products. During the process, the skins undergo washing, soaking, flattening, and polishing before being transported to a factory for final production.
Initially, animal skins are dried and then transported by lorry to a factory. There, the skins are washed using a mixture of water and lime to remove impurities. After washing, they are soaked in a lime solution before passing through a machine that flattens them into smooth sheets.
Next, the flattened leather is soaked again, this time in tannin, which is made from water and vegetable matter. This treatment helps preserve and strengthen the material. Following the tanning stage, the leather is polished to produce a smooth surface and improve its appearance. In the final stages, the processed leather is loaded onto trucks and delivered to another factory, where it is manufactured into a range of leather goods, such as shoes, handbags, and sports equipment.
The given column chart presents are data of a survery conducted by the HR department of a major company in regards to factors influencing work performance for two age groups.
Overall, the factors majorly influencing workers’ performance in the 18-30 age range are chance for personal development, relaxed working environment and promotion prospects, while the ratio of 45-60 aged people is generally comparitively lesser in all the factors.
In deatail, there are three factors that affect more than 80% of the employees of 18-30 age range, and those are: chance for personal development, a relaxed working environment and prospects for promotion. Interestingly, those belonging to 45-60 show a stark contrast in those categories. Moreover, having a competent boss and job satisfaction are important for about half of the workers in both categories.
Moving on to the rest of the data, about 65% of the employees in both the age groups are affected by team spirit. Similarly, salary seems to be the criteria which is the singlemost factor affecting workers of both age groups (70%) equally, much more than others. Job security, respect from colleagues and work environment have affect on significantly lower ratio of workers as compared to other categories, which is less than 50%.
The given line graph illustrates the comparison of visitors to two newly launched music sites on the web over a period of 15 days.
Overall, it is clear that visits to Pop Parade generally remained higher than Music Choice throughout the 15-day period, except the 12th and the 13th day. Additionally, during the days 7-9, the number of visits were approximately the least on both the sites.
On the first day, around 120 thousand visitors went to Pop Parade, which was 3 times higher than Music Choice. While the data for the former shows a decreasing trend till the day 7 (40 thousand), the latter depicts a rise to 60 thousand on the third day. The visits to Pop Parade started growing sharply from the 9th day and shot up to about 160 thousand on the 11th day.
In contrast, the number of visitors to Music Choice fluctuated between 20 and 40 thousand from the 4th till the 11th day. There was a peak of roughly 120 thousand people on the 12th and 14th day, after which it plunged to 80 thousand. Finally, website traffic for Pop Parade represents the highest values in the last two days, reaching above 60 thousand visits.
The two maps compare the town of Lynnfield in 1936 and 2007, showing the main changes that took place over this period.
Overall, Lynnfield became far more urbanised by 2007. Several traditional shops and natural areas were replaced with modern commercial and residential developments, while some original facilities, such as the post office, bank, and library, remained unchanged.
In 1936, the town centre contained a variety of small shops, including a sweet shop, butcher’s shop, and flower shop. There were also a bank, library, and post office arranged around a central area. To the east of the town centre lay a river and farmland, while government offices were located in the south. In addition, there were three groups of trees in the northwest and a cycle path in the southwest.
By 2007, significant redevelopment had occurred. The sweet shop and butcher’s shop were replaced by a supermarket, and a shopping centre occupied the middle of the town centre. The flower shop was converted into a travel agent, whereas the bank, library, and post office remained in place. The farmland in the southeast was transformed into a golf course, while a large residential area was constructed in the northeast. Furthermore, the cycle path was replaced by a road, and the number of trees decreased from three to one.
Intro 1
The pictorial representation, in the form of a diagram, illustrates the process of manufacturing bricks for the construction industry.
Intro 2
The pictorial representation, in the form of a diagram, illustrates how bricks are manufactued for the construction industry.
Intro 3
The pictorial representation, in the form of a diagram, illustrates the brick-manufacturing process for the construction industry.
Overall, brick production involves several stages, beginning with the extraction of raw clay and ending with packaging and transportation. The process includes shaping, drying, heating, cooling, and quality preparation before the bricks are delivered.
Initially, clay is dug from the ground using a digger. The clay then passes through a metal grid and roller, which break it into smaller pieces. After this, sand and water are added to the clay mixture. The material is then shaped into bricks either by using a mould or by cutting it with a wire cutter.
Next, the newly formed bricks are dried in an oven for 24 to 48 hours. Following the drying stage, they are heated in a kiln twice: first at a moderate temperature of around 200°C to 980°C and then at a higher temperature ranging from 870°C to 1300°C. The heated bricks are subsequently transferred to a cooling chamber, where they remain for 48 to 72 hours. Finally, the finished bricks are packaged and transported for delivery.
Page 127 Table
The given infographic representation, in the form of a table, illustrates the number of books and magazines purchased by college staff, students and the general public by a college bookstore in February 2000.
At an overall glance, it is quite apparent that magazines were the most preferred among all members, while fiction books show the least popularity. In addition, there was significantly more preference of magazines among college staff and students, but the reverse is true for book club members and the general public, where non-fiction has more popularity.
In detail, a total of 151 fiction books were bought, from which book club members purchased 76, while college staff and students bought 44 and 31 books respectively. Considering non-fiction books, the highest number of books were purchased by book club members (942), while college students and the members of the public bought less than 200. Interestingly, the lowest number can be seen for college staff (29).
Analysing the data for magazines, 1249 were bought by college students, which was about 4 times higher than college staff. It was followed by the members of general public (82); surprisingly, the book club members bought the lowest number of magazines. All in all, college students purchased 1474 books and magazines, while for college staff and general public members it was 405 and 204 respectively.
Page 85 (Past simple)
Introduction
The pictorial representation, in the form of maps, illustrates how the town of Felixstone transformed from 1967 to 2001.
The pictorial representation, in the form of maps, illustrates the changes that Felixstone went through from 1967 to 2001.
The pictorial representation, in the form of maps, illustrates how the town of Felixstone looked in 1967, and the changes that had occurred by 2001.
Overview
At an overall glance, several changes occurred during the time period including the construction of a new hotel with leisure facilities, the removal of the marina for a new private and public beach, as well as the installation of wind turbines as a new energy source.
In detail, According to the maps,
In 1967, there was a golf course on one side of the main road and sand dunes on the opposite side on the beach, both of which had remained unchanged by 2001. Beside the golf course, there were two rows of shops on High Street; one of the rows was replaced by an apartment building. The farmland on the east was converted into a hotel with a swimming pool and tennis courts.
They replaced one row of the shops by an apartment building.
They converted the farmland into a hotel.
There was a farmland located on the eastern part of the town. It was cleared, and a hotel was constructed there with a swimming pool and two tennis courts.
Analysing further, at the south eastern part, there was a marina with a pier, along with a fish market. They were completely removed and the area was separated into a private and public beach. Furthermore, a new carpark was built for the hotel situated nearby, while the café had stayed the same. Finally, wind turbines were established towards the southwest on the beach.
Page 87 (Present perfect)
Fiction-north
The fiction section located at the north was significantly reduced in size, and the art, hobbies and cookery sections have been relocated from there to the centre of the bookstore.
The non-fiction section situated at the southern part has been converted into a café.
In the southern part, there was the non-fiction section, which has been replaced by a café.
Page 86 (Future SImple)
The sports field located at the east of school building 1 is planned to be relocated towards its south. At its place, a new school building 3 will be constructed, along with a carpark at its right side.
At an overall glance, the most significant changes in 2030 shall be the addition of a new school building and a new carpark. These changes are made so as to accommodate approximately 400 more students compared to the present.
Page 89
At an overall glance, as compared to 1950, Laguna Beach had been completely redeveloped until 1990 primarily for tourists, consisting of a large hotel with a pool, landscaped gardens, a massive carpark and a surf school.
The diagram below shows the water cycle in nature.
The diagram illustrates the hydrologic cycle, showing how water circulates between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere through a series of natural processes.
Overall, the cycle is continuous and involves several key stages, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and the movement of water both above and below the ground. Water repeatedly changes its state and location as it moves through this system.
The process begins with evaporation, where heat from the sun causes water from oceans, lakes, and other bodies to turn into water vapour and rise into the atmosphere. At the same time, plants release moisture into the air through transpiration. As the vapour rises and cools, it condenses to form clouds.
These clouds eventually produce precipitation, which falls to the ground as rain or snow. In colder regions, snow accumulates on mountains and later melts, contributing to surface water such as lakes and rivers. Some of this water flows over the land, while a significant portion seeps into the soil through percolation.
Underground, water moves as groundwater flow and eventually returns to larger water bodies like the ocean, where the cycle begins again.
The diagram below shows how online purchases are made.
Introduction
The given diagram illustrates the process by which online transactions take place via credit cards.
The given pictorial representation, in the form of a flowchart, illustrates the process of online transactions via credit cards.
Overview
At an overall glance, upon placing the order, the transaction is either approved or declined based on certain criteria like funds or identification. The credit card company has the main role for making sure that appropriate checks are done.
Body 1
The process begins when the customer places the order online. Next, in the payment window, they enter the credit card details. After this, the credit card company authenticates the entered details like the owner’s identity, availability of funds and credit limit.
Body 2
Subsequently, the card can either be approved or declined according to the fulfillment of conditions. In the former case, the order is fulfilled by the merchant and the funds are successfully requested from the credit card company; then, the money is received by the merchant. In the latter case, the merchant is notified, who declines the order and informs the customer.
The infographic representation, in the form of tabular charts, illustrates the data about UK’s graduates and non-graduates regarding their average incomes according to 5 ages in the year 2010.
The proportion of monthly household income five European countries spend on food and drink, housing, clothing and entertainment, is given in the table.
The tabular chart illustrates the information about the ratio of household expenditure on four major categories by five European countries.
At an overall glance, France, Germany and the UK spend the highest proportion of their average household incomes on housing and the lowest on clothing. In contrast, food and drinks account for the greatest percentage of expenses in Turkey and Spain.
Considering housing, about 35% of average monthly income is spent in the UK, which is the highest, followed by Germany and France, at around one-third each. Meanwhile, approximately one-fourth part of their total monthly budget is spent on food and drink each. Regarding clothing and entertainment, roughly 10% each is spent by the UK, while in France, 7% goes to clothing and 13% to entertainment. In Germany, 15% and 19% is expended on clothing and entertainment respectively.
The pie chart illustrates the proportion of people living in Australia with different nationalities, while the table indicates the distribution of these people in cities and rural areas.
Overall, it can be seen that the majority of Australia’s population was born in this country. In addition, most people in Australia live in urban areas.
As can be seen from the pie chart, Australia accounted for the greatest percentage of 73%, which is about 10 times higher than that of the UK. It is noticeable that the people who were born in New Zealand, China and Netherlands merely made up small proportions, with 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. Besides, nearly 15% of Australia’s population come from other countries.
Moving on, UK and Netherlands share similar percentage of people living in rural areas, with about 10%, which is about double that of New Zealand. Surprisingly, while the figure for Australians living in cities is only 83%, that of Chinese constitute exactly 99%.
The process diagram shows the mass manufacturing of coconut oil.
The pictorial representation, in the form of a diagram, illustrates the process of industrial production of coconut oil.
The diagram illustrates the process of how coconut oil is manufactured at an industrial scale.
In the initial step, the coconuts are harvested from the coconut trees. It is important to do it at the right time, not early and not later to get the best quality. Afterwards, dehusking takes place, where the outer brown layer is removed. It is followed by grating and weighing using large machines. Subsequently, the grated coconuts are spread and dried in the sun.
It is followed by grating and weighing using large machines, before drying them in the sun.
In the next stage, extraction of oil takes place, where the dried coconuts go into the hydraulic press for obtaining the oil.
In the next stage, extraction of oil takes place, where a hydraulic press is used to obtain oil from the dried coconuts. Next, the oil is clarified by removing impurities like large solid particles, which is followed by further purification using filtration. Eventually, the oil is finally ready to be packaged into variety of containers and then dispatched to retail stores.
At an overall glance, it is clear that coconut oil-manufacturing is a 10-step process, which begins from harvesting coconuts to packaging and shipping to retail stores.
At an overall glance, it is clear that coconut oil-manufacturing is a 10-step process, where grating, pressing and filtration seem to be the major processes. Furthermore, various types of industrial equipment are used for carrying out the production.
The infographic representation, in the form of a table, illustrates the ratio of expenditure on food, electronic equipment, music and videos by adults and children in the UK in the year 1998.
At an overall glance, it is clear that food was the major area of expenditure among adults, while music and electronic equipment accounted for the majority in children.
Analysing the data of adults, one-fourth part of their income was spent on food, while on others it remained 5% or less. Specifically, men spent about 15% on food which was significantly lower as compared to women (39%). In contrast, electronic equipment expenditure accounted for 10% among men, while in women it was just 1%. The rest of the items were not preferred much.
According to the data for children, around three-fifths of the total income went into electronic equipment and music at 23% and 39% respectively. In detail, the boys spent about 40% of their salary on music, which was the highest, followed by 20% on electronic equipment and videos each. As for girls, except for electronic equipment (5%), all categories were not so different compared to boys.
They spent exactly one-fourth part of their salaries on food compared to the other categories (5% or less).
Specifically, approximately two-fifths of the total income of women was expended on food, which was 25% more than that of men.
Analysing the data, the highest number of students took admissions in BPP University in both the years, yet it’s percentage increase was the least of all (46.8%). In contrast, Sheffield University shows the highest growth in admissions at 187.7%, but its admission numbers remained the least among all.
At an overall glance, it is clear that flowering of a plant consists of several steps, which includes planting, germination, sprouting, appearance of buds, and finally the growth of flowers and fruits.
At an overall glance, it is clear that flowering of a plant consists of several steps, which begins from planting of the seeds to appearance of fruits and flowers.
The process begins with the plantation of seeds in the ground. They are watered regularly, which leads to germination after a few days. After a while, the seeds sprout out of the ground, which is followed by a one-week time for the plant to become a seedling.
Considering the overall energy utilization, 3 qbtu renewable energy was used in 1950, which kept on rising rapidly till 1983, reaching more than 6 qbtu. A further increment of one qbtu of sustainable power use occurred after about 10 years. However, the value experienced a significant drop in the year 2000 (5.5 qbtu) before reaching the same value as in 1995.
Hydroelectric and wood energy usage amounted to approximately 1.5 qbtu in the initial year. While the usage of the former had dramatically risen to around 3 qbtu by 1975, the latter’s usage had remained stagnant until that year.
At an overall glance, it can be seen that a significant rise in the usage of renewable energy occurred during the time frame, in which, hydroelectric and wood energy remained the primary sources, while the utilization of biofuels and wind power was negligible.
The given pictorial representation in the form of a diagram illustrates the multiple steps in a book publishing process.
Overall, the process has 9 steps in total, beginning with the writing of a book to distribution at retail bookstores. Generally, publishing a book takes around 18 to 24 months.
Overall, there are a total of 9 steps in the process, where the major stages are writing, contract with the publishing house, designing, printing and finally sales. This usually takes about 18 to 24 months.
The pictorial representation in the form of a diagram illustrates the stages involved in plastic bottle recycling process.
Analyzing the diagram, people buy bottled products for their use from retail stores. After that, the waste is thrown away with other rubbish like bags and clothes. The plastic bottles are collected, while the rest of the garbage is discarded to landfill sites.
After that, collect the plastic bottles, and discard the rest of the waste to landfill sites.
Following that, the collected plastic bottles are taken to a sorting house for categorizing into different colors or material. In the subsequent step, they are transported to a processing centre for recycling and manufacturing finished products like filling beverages. Finally, they are sold in retail stores, and the process repeats.
The map below shows the changes in an American town between 1948 and 2010.
Plan A below shows a health centre in 2005. Plan B shows the same place in the present day.
Analyzing the layout, in 2005, there was a garden all around the health centre, except the southern part, where there was the entrance. The car park was also situated right near the entrance, which had 12 spaces. At present, a large part of the garden has been cleared, and the entrance has been shifted to the west, followed by the expansion of the carpark (almost doubling the number of spaces).
There were three consultation rooms, an office, a reception desk and a physiotherapy room inside in 2005. The consultation rooms on the right have been reduced in size for the addition of a new one. Moreover, a new minor operations room has been built to the left of physiotherapy room, while a children’s play area has been constructed right in front of the new entrance. Lastly, the reception desk has been shifted from the central area to right beside the children’s area.
The maps below show the main road in Farmshire village and development plans for 2024.
At present, there are three farms on one side of the road at the northwest, and a forest area on the northeast. Out of the three farms, one is planned to be converted into a poultry farm (including some tree plantation), while the jungle will be flattened to build a community soccer field.
The given column graph illustrates the data about the market share of Australian, British and American movies in Australia and UK in 2001, while the line graph depicts the number of people in million who bought movie tickets from 1975 to 2005.
At an overall glance, it is clear that in 2001 more than two-thirds of both countries’ market was dominated by American films. Meanwhile, cinema admissions in the UK were significantly higher than Australia during the entire time span showing a substantial growth after 1985.
Analyzing the bar chart, the ratio of US movies released in the UK was more than 3 quarters in 2001, being 10% more than that of Australia, which was the highest. Similarly, the proportion of film releases in UK of Australian and British movies was about 10% and 20% respectively. However, less than 5% of British and Australian films in Australia had been released. Noticeably, 18% movies from other nations had been playing in the cinemas in Australia in that year.
Line Chart (Page 36)
The line graph below shows thefts per thousand vehicles in four countries between 1990 and 1999.
Intro 1
The given line chart illustrates the number of vehicles stolen per thousand in different nations from 1990 to 1999.
The given infographic representation, in the form of a line chart, enumerates the number of vehicles stolen per thousand in Great Britain, Sweden, France and Canada for a duration of 10 years from 1990 to 1999.
Intro 2
At an overall glance, it is clear that the thefts in Great Britain were considerably higher than other nations, while those in France and Canada remained the least. Meanwhile, the figures in Sweden rose gradually over the period.
In detail, in Great Britain, almost 17 vehicles per thousand were stolen, which was approximately 2-3 times more than the other countries. It had increased gradually to 20 by 1993. Before reaching to the same figure in 1997, it dropped to about 16 in 1994. In the final year, the number of thefts fell again to the same value.
Considering Sweden, the stolen cars per thousand were 8 in the initial year, but grew consistently and reached around 12, after which it remained unchanged for the next two years before jumping by 2 in the last year. In contrast, the number of stolen vehicles in France and Canada were the least during the entire time span between 5 and 7.
The table below shows how people of different age groups spend their leisure time.
The table illustrates how people in Someland across seven age groups spend their leisure time, showing annual hours devoted to six different activities.
Overall, watching TV and videos is the most popular activity across nearly all ages, while group exercise declines considerably among older adults. Socialising and exercise patterns vary by age, and cinema attendance remains relatively low for most groups.
Teenagers watch TV the most, at 1,200 hours per year, but this falls sharply among those in their 20s and 30s before rising again for older adults, reaching 1,100 hours among people over 70. Group socialising is also most common among teens and those in their 20s, at 350 hours each, but it drops to just 25 hours in the 50s and beyond. Smaller-group socialising peaks in the 30s at 300 hours.
Physical activity shows mixed trends. Group exercise is high among younger people but disappears entirely for those aged 60 and above. Individual exercise peaks in the 40s at 200 hours, then declines among older groups. Cinema use is modest across all ages, with teenagers attending the most frequently.
The following table gives statistics showing the aspects of quality of life in five countries.
The table compares five countries—Bangladesh, Bolivia, Egypt, Indonesia, and the USA—using four indicators of quality of life: national income per person, daily calorie intake, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
Overall, the USA performs best across every measure, while Bangladesh ranks lowest. The remaining three developing countries occupy intermediate positions, though their results vary across different categories.
Bangladesh shows the weakest living conditions, with the lowest GNP per head at only $140 and the smallest calorie supply at 1,877 per day. Its life expectancy is also the shortest, at 40 years, and infant mortality is the highest among all countries at 132 deaths per 1,000 births. Bolivia and Indonesia have similar economic levels, with GNP figures just under $600, along with slightly higher calorie intakes and life expectancies ranging from 49 to 50 years.
Egypt performs noticeably better than the other developing nations. It records a GNP of $690 and a high daily calorie supply of 2,950, contributing to a life expectancy of 56 years. By contrast, the USA stands out clearly, with a much higher income level of $13,160, the greatest food availability, the longest life expectancy at 74 years, and the lowest infant mortality rate of only 12.
The maps below show the town of Felixstone in 1967 and 2001.
The two maps illustrate the development of the town of Felixstone between 1967 and 2001.
Overall, Felixstone experienced significant urbanization and modernization over the 34-year period. While the fishing and agricultural areas were removed, several leisure and residential facilities, such as a swimming pool, tennis courts, and apartments, were introduced.
In 1967, Felixstone had a fish market and marina near the sea, with a pier extending into the water. A hotel and café were located nearby, along with sand dunes and a golf course further inland. Farmland occupied the eastern part of the town, while the high street was lined with shops on both sides.
By 2001, major transformations had taken place. The fish market and marina were replaced by a public and a private beach, and a large car park was built for the hotel. The farmland was converted into a hotel, including a swimming pool and tennis courts, while the shops on one side of the High Street took the place of apartments. Additionally, wind turbines were installed near the dunes, and the pier was removed, marking a shift from industrial to recreational and residential development.
The maps below show university sports courts in 1990 and now.
The two maps illustrate how the university sports courts have changed from 1990 to the present day.
Overall, the area has undergone major redevelopment, with a clear shift from open recreational spaces, such as an outdoor pool and tennis courts, to more modern indoor and court-based sports facilities. Several new additions, including a basketball court and a fitness centre, have been made to accommodate a wider range of athletic activities.
In 1990, the university sports area included a large park on the left and a car park nearby. On the right side, there were two tennis courts and an outdoor swimming pool. A café, reception, and changing room were also located in the central part of the facility, next to the pool.
At present, the park has been replaced by a basketball court, and the number of tennis courts has doubled from two to four. The outdoor pool has been converted into an indoor one, and a fitness centre has been constructed beside the changing room. The café and reception remain in their original positions.
The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plans for changes to the school site in 2024.
The diagrams illustrate the layout of a school site in 2004, and the proposed changes planned for 2024.
Overall, the school is expected to undergo major redevelopment, with the addition of a new building and car park, as well as modifications to the sport field. These changes will allow the school to accommodate a larger number of students, increasing from 600 to 1,000.
In 2004, the school comprised two main buildings situated near the center of the site, separated by a path. To the east of the buildings, there was a large sports field, while the car park was located in the northwest corner beside the main road. The remaining space surrounding it, was occupied by open green areas with trees.
By 2024, a third school building is planned to be added, replacing part of the sport field. The existing car park will remain unchanged, and an additional car park is going to be built to the east, covering some former green area. The sports field is proposed to be relocated further south, while the existing school buildings will be interconnected by a passage. Finally, a new road near the entrance will lead to the new car park, giving accessibility to other areas as well.
The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries.
The bar chart compares the amount of money spent on six types of consumer goods in four European countries: Britain, France, Italy, and Germany.
Overall, British people spent the most money on all six products, while Germans consistently spent the least in 4 categories. Among the items, photographic film, toys, and CDs attracted the highest spending across all countries, whereas tennis racquets and personal stereos were the least purchased.
British consumers led spending in every category, reaching about £170,000 on photographic film and slightly less on toys and CDs. They also spent around £160,000 on perfumes, considerably more than France and Italy, which both recorded figures near £150,000. Expenditure on tennis racquets and personal stereos in Britain stood at approximately £155,000.
France ranked second in most categories, particularly for photographic film and CDs, while German spending was similar but slightly lower overall. Meanwhile, Italy's expenditure was the least in personal stereos, tennis racquets, and perfumes. Despite these differences, spending patterns across all countries were generally consistent, with photographic film being the most popular product everywhere.
The bar chart below shows the employment of all male and female workers by occupation in the UK in the year 2005.
The bar chart compares the percentage of male and female workers employed in various occupations in the United Kingdom in 2005.
Overall, men were more dominant in manual and technical occupations such as skilled trades and process or machine operations, while women were concentrated in administrative, secretarial, and personal service roles.
Men accounted for the largest share in skilled trades, at around 20%, while the figure for women in this category was minimal. Similarly, process, plant and machine operatives were largely male dominated, with roughly 17% men and only about 3% women. Males also slightly outnumbered females in managerial and professional positions. In contrast, the proportion of men and women in elementary occupations was fairly balanced (at around 12%).
Women clearly outnumbered men in administrative and secretarial jobs, making up about 22%, compared to less than 10% for men. They also had higher shares in personal service and sales or customer service roles. The associate professional and technical category was quite evenly represented between the two genders at 13% and 15% for males and females respectively.
The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods.
The given charts depict the information about fast food consumption in Britain, where the bar chart illustrates the weekly spending in pence per person according to income groups, while the line chart indicates the consumption in grams of those fast foods from 1970 to 1990.
Overall, the bar chart clearly indicates that spending on fast food is directly proportional to income, with high-income earners spending the most. The line graph highlights a significant shift in eating habits over two decades, showing a major increase in the consumption of hamburgers and pizza, while Fish and Chips declined substantially.
In the expenditure chart, the High Income group spent the most, dedicating 40 pence per person per week to hamburgers, 20p to fish and chips, and 18p to pizza. Average Income earners followed a similar pattern, spending 32p on hamburgers and 25p on fish and chips, while Low Income earners spent the least across all three categories, with their highest expenditure being 18p on fish and chips.
From 1970 to 1990, the consumption trends changed dramatically. Hamburgers, starting at approximately 100g, experienced the steepest rise, soaring to over 500g by 1990. Pizza also saw substantial growth, increasing from around 50g to 250g. Conversely, Fish and Chips showed a marked decline, dropping from a starting point of over 300g in 1970 to just over 250g by 1990, indicating a clear shift in consumer preference.
The chart below gives information about travel to and from the UK and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit.
The provided charts illustrate the number of international visits made by and to the UK between 1979 and 1999, along with the most popular destinations for UK residents.
Overall, the key feature of the line graph is the consistently higher rate of visits made abroad by UK residents compared to the number of visits to the UK by overseas residents over the 20-year period. Furthermore, the bar chart clearly shows that European countries, particularly France and Spain, were overwhelmingly the preferred destinations for UK travelers.
In 1979, UK residents took approximately 12 million trips abroad, which was slightly more than the 9 million visits made to the UK. Over the next two decades, both figures rose steadily, but visits abroad climbed at a far steeper rate. By 1999, visits abroad surged to around 55 million, whereas visits to the UK by overseas residents only increased modestly to about 25 million, resulting in a large and widening gap.
Regarding destinations in the bar chart, France was the most popular choice for UK visitors, attracting nearly 14 million tourists. Spain followed closely behind with over 12 million visitors. The USA was the third most popular destination, with about 4 million visits, and was the only non-European country among the top five. Greece and Turkey registered the lowest figures in the chart, with approximately 3 million and 2 million visits, respectively.
The diagram below shows the production of steam using a gas-cooled nuclear reactor.
The diagram illustrates the structure and process of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor.
Overall, the process is a closed-loop system that generates electricity by using a gas to transfer heat from the reactor to a heat exchanger. The key stages involve the heating of gas in the reactor, transferring this heat to water to produce steam, and using the steam to drive a turbo-alternator.
The process begins inside the reactor, which is protected by concrete radiation shielding and a pressure vessel. Within the reactor, a gas blower circulates cool gas through a gas duct. This gas is heated by uranium fuel elements, while graphite moderators and boron control rods help regulate the nuclear reaction. The hot gas then flows out of the reactor through a hot gas duct.
The hot gas enters a heat exchanger where it passes through a coiled pipe, transferring its heat to water. This process turns the water into steam, which is then directed to a turbo-alternator to produce electricity. The now-cooled gas returns to the reactor through the cool gas duct to be reheated, completing the circuit. A separate system circulates cool water into the heat exchanger, which turns into steam, and a separate water circulator keeps this system running.
The diagram below gives information about the production of leather products.
The diagram illustrates the step-by-step process of producing leather from animal skin.
Overall, the process is a linear sequence of events that begins with raw animal skin and concludes with finished leather products. The key stages involve multiple steps of soaking, washing, and polishing to prepare the skin, followed by its transformation into various consumer goods.
The process begins by drying animal skin, which is then transported to a factory. At the factory, the skins are washed with water and lime. Following this, the skins are soaked in lime, and then the skins are put through a machine for a flattening process. A second soaking in tannin takes place, which is a mixture of water and vegetable matter, preparing the skin for the next stage.
Once soaked, the skins undergo a polishing step before being transported by truck to a final factory. Here, the leather is cut and shaped to create various products. The diagram shows finished goods such as shoes, handbags, and bags, indicating the variety of items that can be made.
The diagram illustrates the biological process of a frog's life cycle, from an egg to a mature adult.
Overall, the life cycle is a continuous process that takes approximately four-and-a-half years to complete. The most significant features are the transformation from an aquatic egg-laying stage to a terrestrial adult stage and the progressive development of limbs and lungs during the tadpole phase.
The cycle commences in land where two adult frogs mate. Following this, the female frog lays eggs, which are also known as frogspawn, and this stage lasts for about 7 to 10 days. The eggs then develop into tadpoles, which spend a total of six weeks in the water, feeding on algae. After this period, a significant change occurs as the tadpole grows hind and then forelegs, and its tail gradually shrinks over a period of nine weeks.
In the next stage, after about 12 weeks, the tadpole transforms into a froglet, which is the stage where it begins to breathe air, preparing for life on land. The young frog then transitions from its aquatic environment to a terrestrial one, where it spends the remaining four years of its life growing into a mature adult frog.
The diagram below shows the life cycle of the female mosquito.
The diagram depicts the life cycle of a female mosquito, which typically spans a period of six to eight weeks.
Overall, the process is a linear sequence of events consisting of four main stages: egg, larval, pupal, and adult. The most notable feature is that the initial three stages are aquatic, with the larva undergoing a series of molts as it progressively increases in size before transforming into the adult.
The cycle starts when an adult female mosquito lays eggs in a water environment during week one. These eggs subsequently hatch into the first larval stage, which is shown to occur in week two. The larva then goes through a series of molts, growing larger with each successive stage. The second, third, and fourth larval stages are illustrated for weeks three, four, and five, all of which are aquatic.
Following the aquatic larval stages, the mosquito enters the pupal stage in week six. In this stage, the pupa develops and transforms into an adult. The final stage of the cycle is the adult mosquito, which emerges from the pupa during weeks seven or eight, preparing to reproduce and initiate the cycle again.
The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.
The bar chart illustrates the proportion of males and females in Australia holding different post-school qualifications in 1999.
Overall, men were more likely to obtain vocational and postgraduate diplomas, while women had higher participation in undergraduate diplomas and master’s degrees. For bachelor’s degrees, the distribution between genders was relatively balanced.
The most noticeable gender difference is seen in skilled vocational diplomas, where about 90% of the holders were men compared to less than 10% women. Similarly, men dominated postgraduate diplomas, accounting for around 70% compared with about 30% women.
In contrast, undergraduate diplomas were more common among women, with approximately 70% female holders versus 30% male. A similar pattern is seen in master’s degrees, where women held a slight majority at just over half. Bachelor’s degrees showed the smallest gender gap, with both men and women representing roughly equal proportions, slightly above 50% for males.