✔ If the sentence starts with a subordinating conjunction, use a comma.
· When I reached school, the gate was closed.
✔ If the subordinating conjunction is in the middle, no comma. (Except Contrast Conjunction)
· The gate was closed when I reached school.
Because
Example: Many graduates struggle to find jobs because they lack practical experience.
Since
Example: Since the population has grown rapidly, housing demand has increased.
As
Example: As technology advances, traditional skills are becoming less relevant.
When
Example: When people migrate to cities, rural areas often experience population decline.
While
Example: While some argue for stricter laws, others believe education is more effective.
Before
Example: Governments should assess the risks before implementing new policies.
After
Example: Public opinion changed after the report was published.
Until
Example: The project cannot begin until funding is approved.
Since
Example: Living standards have improved since the reforms were introduced.
If
Example: If renewable energy is adopted widely, carbon emissions will decrease.
Unless
Example: Traffic congestion will worsen unless public transport is improved.
Although
Example: Although online education is flexible, it lacks face-to-face interaction.
Though
Example: The policy was popular, though it failed to deliver long-term results.
Even though
Example: Even though the economy is growing, unemployment remains high.
Whereas
Example: Some countries invest heavily in education, whereas others prioritise defence.
So that
Example: Governments impose taxes so that public services can be funded.
In order that
Example: Laws are enforced in order that public safety is maintained.
Both … and
Example: Both individuals and governments must take responsibility for environmental protection.
Either … or
Example: Students must either adapt to new methods or risk falling behind.
Neither … nor
Example: Neither economic growth nor technological progress alone can solve social problems.
Not only … but also
Example: The policy not only reduced pollution but also created new jobs.
Whether … or
Example: The issue remains serious whether action is taken now or postponed.