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Unit 7: Evolution and Natural Selection

Learning Objective

You will be able to:

Natural Selection
- Describe the causes of natural selection.
- Explain how natural selection affects populations.
- Describe the importance of phenotypic variation in a population.
Artificial Selection
- Explain how humans can affect diversity within a population.
- Explain the relationship between changes in the environment and evolutionary changes in the population.
Population Genetics
- Explain how random occurrences affect the genetic makeup of a population.
- Describe the role of random processes in the evolution of specific populations.
- Describe the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Describe the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies will change in populations.
- Explain the impacts on the population if any of the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are not met.
Evidence of Evolution
- Describe the types of data that provide evidence of evolution.
- Explain how morphological, biochemical, and geological data provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
- Describe the fundamental molecular and cellular features shared across all domains of life, which provide evidence of common ancestry.
Common Ancestry
- Describe structural and functional evidence on cellular and molecular levels that provides evidence for the common ancestry of all eukaryotes.
Continuing Evolution
- Explain how evolution is an ongoing process in all living organisms.
Phylogeny
- Describe the types of evidence that can be used to infer an evolutionary relationship.
- Explain how a phylogenetic tree and/or cladogram can be used to infer evolutionary relatedness.
Speciation
- Describe the conditions under which new species may arise.
- Describe the rate of evolution and speciation under different ecological conditions.
- Explain the processes and mechanisms that drive speciation.
Extinction
- Describe factors that lead to the extinction of a population.
- Explain how the risk of extinction is affected by changes in the environment.
- Human activity can drive changes in ecosystems that cause extinctions.
- Explain species diversity in an ecosystem as a function of speciation and extinction rates.
- Explain how extinction can make new environments available for adaptive radiation.
Variations in Populations
- Explain how the genetic diversity of a species or population affects its ability to withstand environmental pressures.
Origin of Life on Earth
- Describe the scientific evidence that provides support for models of the origin of life on Earth.

AP Bio Course and Exam Description for Unit 7.

Slides

APB Unit 7.1 Natural and Artificial Selection

APB Unit 7.2 Population Genetics and Hardy Weinberg

APB Unit 7.3 Phylogeny, Speciation, Extinction

APB Unit 7.4 Speciation, Extinction

APB Unit 7.5 Origin of Life

Laboratory (all virtual this unit)

Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences

Student Worksheet

Lizard Evolution Virtual Lab

Worksheet

Hardy Weinberg Squirrels

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the Eastern Gray Squirrel.pdf

Homework

Color Variation Over Time in Rock Pocket Mouse Populations

Student Handout

Hardy Weinberg Problem Set (optional)

Links and Embedded Videos

Theodosius Debzhansky

Dobzhansky.pdf

Evolution 7 Part PBS series (~8 hours)

On the Origin of Species

The History of Evolutionary Thought

Natural Selection

What Darwin Never Knew (NOVA documentary ~2 hrs)

Peppered Moth Game

BBC Butterfly Shows Evolution at Work

Malaria continues to select for sickle cell trait in Central AfricaSickle cell disease (SCD) is a major cause of death for young children in Africa, which the World Health Organization has declared a public health priority. It is increasingly spreading outside of Africa because of population migrations, and, thus, it ...

Dog BreedingThe many forms of dogs that exist today were all created through selective breeding from the dog's ancestor, the wolf. In a span of less than 10,000 years, breeders have changed traits and body...

Brassica oleracea - Wikipedia

A Tale of Beauty, Rarity, and ManiaEvery spring, thousands upon thousands of beauty-seekers head to Longwood Gardens to take in one of our most spectacular sights—our beloved tulips. Ever-changing and always stunning, our tulip display is undeniably gorgeous, but what is it about the tulip itself that draws so much attention and wonder? Why are we so attracted to this seemingly simple flower? The answer may go far beyond the tulip’s beauty and instead lie in mankind’s fascination with the unattainable.

Breeding and genetic change in the Holstein genome

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bottlenecks and the founder effect

Founder Effects Persist Despite Adaptive Differentiation: A Field Experiment with Lizards

Genetic Drift Simulation

Absolute datingGeologists often need to know the age of material that they find. They use absolute dating methods, sometimes called numerical dating, to give rocks an actual date, or date range, in numbers of years. This is different to relative dating, which only puts geological events in time order.

Homologous Structures

How genes direct development

How genes build bodies

Phylogenetic systematics (evolutionary trees)

The origin of birds

Defining a species

What Is a Species?, Carl ZimmerScientific American, June 30, 2008 Link If you visit Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, you may hear high, lonesome howls of wolves.

What is macroevolution?

Synalpheus Pinkfloydi sp. Nov., a new pistol shrimp from the tropical eastern Pacific (Decapoda: Alpheidae)

Loud Shrimp Named After Pink Floyd - SPINAlthough “Shrimp” wasn’t the title of a song off Pink Floyd’s career-best concept album Animals, “Pink Floyd” is now the name of a newly discovered

The evidence for evolution - What do homologous similarities tell us?

Triggering adaptive radiation

Adaptive Radiation in Mammals | Vertebrates | Chordata | ZoologyDuring Mesozoic era, the age of reptiles (dinosaurs), mammals were small, generalised and rare. By the end of Mesozoic or beginning of Coenozoic, the dinosaurs vanished and mammals suddenly expanded into varied evolutionary patterns. Early in Cretaceous period, placental mammals became distinct from marsupials. During Eocene and Oligocene, most of the orders of mammals

Modes of speciation (4 pages)

5 Types of Prezygotic Isolation MechanismsPrezygotic isolation mechanisms, including mechanical, temporal, behavioral, habitat, and gametic, prevent fertilization and encourage new species.

Here we go again: Earth's major 'mass extinctions'Most scientists agree that a "mass extinction" event is underway on Earth, with species disappearing hundreds of time quicker under the influence of human activity.

Mass ExtinctionsUse this infographic to explore Earth’s mass extinctions and to think critically about what caused mass extinctions in the past and what could be causing one now.

Earth Is Not in the Midst of a Sixth Mass Extinction “As scientists we have a responsibility to be accurate about such comparisons.”

HistoryEducation Center - K-12 Lessons and Laboratories - Classroom Activities in Plant Biotechnology: History...Historical Perspectives of Plant Diseases Over the centuries, many diseases and environmental changes have wiped out whole fields of crops; e.g., potato blight in the1800’s, corn leaf blight – 1900’s, cherry trees in northern Colorado in the 1950’s. Potato Blight The Irish Famine of 1846-50, whic...

California Condor Recovery Program | U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceThe Recovery Program for the California condor is an international multi-entity effort, led by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Partners in condor recovery include numerous stretching across state, federal, non-governmental and tribal partners. The Recovery Program is working to establish robust self-sustaining populations of condors within the historical distribution. The program includes several key components including addressing threats to the species in the wild; captive breeding; and release and monitoring at our field sites. In addition, we are working to increase the public's knowledge about the species and how you can support recovery of the condor. In 1967 the California condor was listed as endangered by the federal government under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, the predecessor to the Endangered Species Act, and in 1979 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the California Condor Recovery Program. The 1996 Recovery plan established goals (criteria) for down listing the species from Endangered to Threatened. These include establishing two wild, geographically distinct self-sustaining populations, each with 150 birds and at least 15 breeding pairs. In addition, the plan includes maintaining a third population of condors in captivity. The species historically ranged from California to Florida and western Canada to northern Mexico but by the mid-20th century, condor populations had dropped dramatically. By 1982, only 22 condors survived in the wild, in an effort, to avoid extinction of the species, the Service and partners began to capture the remaining wild condors. Five years later, all remaining wild condors were in captivity and a captive breeding program to save the species was underway. Today, the Service, and its public and private partners, have grown the total wild free-flying condor population to more than 300 condors. In 2004, the Recovery Program reached an important milestone with the first successful chick hatched in the wild. In 2008, another major milestone was reach when more condors were flying free in the wild than in captivity for the first time since the program began.

7 Theories on the Origin of LifeThe answer to the origin of life remains unknown, but here are scientists best bets

Host defense triggers rapid adaptive radiation in experimentally evolving parasitesAdaptive radiation occurs when the members of a single lineage evolve different adaptive forms in response to selection imposed by competitors or predators. Iconic examples include Darwin's finches, ...

Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in morphology and performance associated with exploitation of a different dietary resource | Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesAlthough rapid adaptive changes in morphology on ecological time scales are now well documented in natural populations, the effects of such changes...

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