Poultry Nutrition
Avian Digestive System
In chickens, and other poultry birds, the digestive tract begins at the mouth, includes several important organs, and ends at the cloaca.
The ventriculus, or gizzard, is a part of the digestive tract of birds, reptiles, earthworms, and fish. Often referred to as the mechanical stomach, the gizzard is made up of two sets of strong muscles that act as the bird’s teeth.
Energy
Carbohydrates are an energy source for animals and make up the largest portion of a poultry diet. Carbohydrates are typically eaten in the form of starch, sugar, cellulose, and other non-starch compounds. Poultry typically do not digest cellulose and the non-starch compounds well. However, poultry are able to use most starches and sugars. Important sources of carbohydrates in poultry diets include corn, wheat, barley, and other grains.
Protein
Proteins are used in the construction of body tissues such as muscles, nerves, cartilage, skin, feathers, beak, and so on. Egg white is also high in protein. The main sources of protein in poultry diets are plant proteins such as soybean meal, canola meal, corn gluten meal, and more. Animal proteins used include fishmeal and meat and bone meal. Fishmeal can be used only in limited quantities or it will give poultry meat and eggs a fishy flavor.
Vitamins
Vitamins are a groups of compounds that poultry require in small amounts. Vitamins are essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction. Deficiencies can lead to a number of diseases or syndromes. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation, however, has been shown to be useful when birds are stressed.
Minerals
Minerals play a role in bone formation, but minerals are also needed for several other important functions, including the formation of blood cells, blood clotting, enzyme activation, and energy metabolism and for proper muscle function. The macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Grains are low in minerals, supplements are added to commercial poultry feeds. Limestone or oyster shell are common sources of calcium.
What should I feed my chickens?
Want to catch bugs for your birds?
You can make several traps and collect a bunch of insects. Click on the image to see how!
Further Reading
Looking for more advanced content? Explore the swine nutrition guide from Kansas State to learn more!