Instructional design models are systematic frameworks used to plan, develop, and implement effective instructional experiences. These models serve as blueprints for designing educational environments that enhance learning by aligning objectives, instructional strategies, and assessments. Rooted in educational psychology and instructional theory, instructional design models help educators create meaningful, learner-centered experiences (Reigeluth & Carr-Chellman, 2009).

 One of the most prominent models is ADDIE, an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation, which guides the instructional design process in a structured way. Each phase addresses a key component of instructional planning, ensuring that learning objectives are met and outcomes are measurable (Branch, 2009). Another well-known model, Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction, focuses on task-centered learning, emphasizing that learning is promoted when students solve real-world problems (Merrill, 2002).

 Moreover, Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction provides a step-by-step approach to organizing instruction, starting from gaining learners' attention to enhancing retention and transfer (Gagné, Wager, Golas, & Keller, 2005). The model highlights the importance of both cognitive processes and instructional delivery.

 These models not only improve the planning and delivery of instruction but also help educators assess the impact of their teaching strategies, thus leading to continuous improvement in educational practices (Reiser & Dempsey, 2017).