L4 - In-text Citation,
References, and Bibliography.

Activate Learning 

During your November and December holidays, you should have managed to find several sources of information online or through books. Are there suitable ways to represent your researched data in your research proposals? 

There are 3 terms that you need to differentiate correctly first: 

(a) In-text Citation

(b) References

(c) Bibliography 

The definitions for each of the terms are found in the links below.

http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/  
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/lists-vs-bibliographies

https://stmary.libguides.com/c.php?g=437282&p=2981548

https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-bibliography-and-references/

https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-reference-and-bibliography.html

Can you now tell your team mates the meaning of the 3 terms? 

(a) In-text Citation

(b) References 

(c) Bibliography  

Answer: 

In-text Citation: Everywhere throughout the proposals  

References: In Section 6 of your proposals or reports

Bibliography: In Section 7 of your proposals or reports

Promote thinking and discussion 

1. In-text Citation

From lessons 3 and 4, you may have noticed that there were several occasions that the sentences was succeeded by name(s) in brackets such as the following:

Dragonflies and Damselflies are well-studied group of invertebrates (Cordoba, 2008) with their increasing recognition in conservation worldwide (Samways, 2008).

The motivation for using the Odonata order as indicators of Ecological health of freshwater sources stems from an observation made by Murphy (1997) regarding the distribution of three species of Prodasineura within Singapore’s Central Catchment Area.

The terms in red above are known as in-text citation. It is usually found throughout your report, especially in the Introduction paragraph, where you carried out your literature search from. 

After you have completed your Introductory section, indicate the author where you obtained your ideas from. You can either
(a) add the author and the year in brackets to the sentence, or
(b) place the name of the author into your sentence and the year in brackets.  

2. References

A example of a reference page is shown below. Discuss among your team mates, how would you cite the references for your proposals. A list of examples are are given below: 

Book / Manual 

Author last name, first initial. (Year published). Book title. Publication city: publishing company.

Ruechel, J. (2006). Grass-Fed Cattle. New York: Storey Publishing.

Fonda, A, and Terezian, J. (2000). Banking in NYC. New York: Random House.

Journal Article

Author last name, first initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume number, page numbers.

Powell, H. (2003). Implementation of GIS in Soil Analysis. Soil Technology, 47, 295-308.

Maddox, A., Ali, A., and McNamara, J. (2003). Effect of Visiting Animals on Patient Recovery. Hospital Observations, 58.6, 12-18.

Magazine Article

Author last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Magazine title, volume number, page numbers.

Fellon, B. (2004, May 6). Aurora Borealis. Travel, 16, 36-41.

Encyclopedia Article

Author last name, first initial. (Year published). Article title. In Encyclopedia title. (Vol. volume number, page numbers). Publication city: publication company.

Jones, A. (2001). Certificates of Deposit. Encyclopedia of Finance (Vol. 2, 123-25). San Francisco: Macmillan, 2001.

Newspaper Article

Author last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper title, page numbers.

Corvallis, P. (2004, April 8). Development Threatens Farmland. Mesilla Valley Bulletin, A3.

Website

Author last name, first initial. (Publication date). “Article title.” Website title. URL

Applegate, T. (2012, May 13). "Judging the Credibility of Sources." Your Source for Sources. http://sourceforsources.com/articles/article.php/3398511  

Youtube video

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month, day). Title of video [Video file]. Youtube. URL 

Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). The haunting tape 14 (ghost caught on video [Video file]. Youtube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848

For further information about citation, you may refer to https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-format/how-to-format-an-apa-reference-page/ 

3. Bibliography 

Biblographic entries are cited in the same way as references. Discuss among your team mates, how would you cite the bibliographic entries. Please note that Bibliographic entries refer to those sources of information that you are NOT going to CITE in your proposals or reports. They are sources of information that you read to build up your understanding of your project. 

Notes: 

1. The following materials are taken from https://www.wikihow.com/Sample/APA-Citation-List 

2. If you cannot find the date of publication, use the date as n.d.  
   
   

3. If there are more than 1 author, you may use the et al.  Et al. typically stands in for two or more names, especially in bibliographical information. It's preceded by a comma only when more than one name is listed (as in cases in which two or more texts are authored by the same person or by people with the same surname):

e.g. 1: The book by Carson et al. is regarded as the authoritative text on the topic. 

e.g. 2: The article by Jones, Perez, et al. is well-known, but the one by Jones, Lee, et al. has been more widely cited.

4. The Reference page is for articles that are CITED within the proposals or reports.  

5. The Bibliography page is for articles NOT CITED, but used as a resource in your project.  

6. All 6 sources selected above must be evaluated to be a good source based on the checklist found here: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_finding_information.shtml 

Facilitate Demonstration of Learning 

You are reminded to select 3 references and 3 bibliographic entries for your research proposals. 

You are recommended to have a variety of sources instead of just from the same source or type of source.  Fill up the sections 1, 6 and 7 with your entries for the following: 

In-text Citation: At least 3 In-text citation must be found in your Introductory paragraphs. These 3 In-text citations must also be the same 3 references that you have selected. 

References: List at least three (3) different major sources (e.g. journal articles, books, internet sites) from your literature review. Choose the APA format and use it consistently to reference the literature used in the research plan. List your entries in alphabetical order for each type of source. It must be cited in the proposals. Please note that all references must be cited in the Proposal. 

Bibliography: List at least three (3) different sources (e.g. Book, Journal Article, Magazine Article, Encyclopedia Article, Newspaper Article, Website, Youtube video) from your literature review. Choose the APA format and use it consistently to reference the literature used in the research plan. List your entries in alphabetical order. The entries must NOT be the same as those in the reference section. Please note that all Bibliographic entries must NOT be cited in the Proposal.

Monitor and provide feedback

Your teacher will provide you with the feedback of In-text Citation, References and Bibliography after you have submitted your proposals for review.

HINT
If you are into Artificial Intelligence, you may use ChatGPT to help you. An example is shown below:  

"I have a website that I want to quote in my research paper. Can you help me format the citation in APA 7 style."