"When teachers use nonlinguistic representation strategies, they help students represent knowledge as mental imagery." (Pitler & Stone, 2012, p. 129).

The following five recommendations regarding nonlinguistic representations are found in A Handbook for Classroom Instruction that Works (2012):

1. Use graphic organizers.

   • Help students represent knowledge by combining words and phrases with symbols, arrows, and shapes.

   • Include representations for patterns (descriptive, time-sequenced, process, episode, general, and concept patterns)

2. Make physical models or manipulatives.

   • Hands-on tasks build concrete models of the knowledge being learned

3. Generate mental pictures.

   • Students are able to visualize the knowledge or concept being learned with mental pictures.

4. Create pictures, illustrations, and pictographs.

5. Engage in kinesthetic activities.