NOTE: For many of these references, I have pdfs. This list includes all known papers on trilobite cuticular microstructure. If you think I am missing something, please let me know!
Trilobite cuticle & injuries (94)
1. Babcock, L. E. (1993). Trilobite malformations and the fossil record of behavioural asymmetry. Journal of Paleontology 67, 217–229.
2. Babcock, L. E. & Peng, S. (2001). Malformed agnostoid trilobite from the Middle Cambrian of northwestern Hunan, China. Palaeoworld 13, 250–251.
3. Babcock, L. E., Polak, K. & Smith, L. (2003). Malformed trilobite from the Devonian of Bolivia. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos 21, 91–94.
4. Babcock, L. E. (2007). Role of malformations in elucidating trilobite paleobiology: a historical synthesis. In: Mikulic, D. G., Landing, E. & Kluessendorf, J. (eds.) Fabulous Fossil: 300 Years of Worldwide Research on Trilobites. Albany: The New York State Education Department, 2–19.
5. Bennett, C. E., Williams, M., Leng, M. J., Lee, M. R., Bonifacie, M., Calmels, D., Fortey, R. A., Laurie, J. R., Owen, A. W., Page, A. A., Munnecke, A. & Vandenbroucke, T. R. A. (2018). Oxygen isotope analysis of the eyes of pelagic trilobites: Testing the application of sea temperature proxies for the Ordovician. Gondwana Research 57, 157–169.
6. Bicknell, R., Pates, S. & Botton, M. (2018). Abnormal xiphosurids, with possible application to Cambrian trilobites. Palaeontologia Electronica 21, 1–17.
7. Bicknell, R. & Holland, B. (2020). Injured trilobites within a collection of dinosaurs: Using the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology to document Cambrian predation. Palaeontologia Electronica 23, a33.
8. Bicknell, R. D. C., Paterson, J. R. & Hopkins, M. J. (2019). A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior. American Museum Novitates 2019, 1–16.
9. Bicknell, R. D. C. & Pates, S. (2020). Exploring abnormal Cambrian-aged trilobites in the Smithsonian collection. PeerJ 8, e8453.
10. Bicknell, R. D. C. & Smith, P. M. (2021). Teratological trilobites from the Silurian (Wenlock and Ludlow) of Australia. Naturwissenschaften 108, 58.
11. Bicknell, R. D. C. & Smith, P. M. (2022). Examining abnormal Silurian trilobites from the Llandovery of Australia. PeerJ 10, e14308.
12. Bicknell, R. D. C., Smith, P. M., Bruthansová, J. & Holland, B. (2022). Malformed trilobites from the Ordovician and Devonian. PalZ 96, 1–10.
13. Bicknell, R. D. C. & Kimmig, J. (2023). Clustered and injured Pseudogygites latimarginatus from the Late Ordovician Lindsay Formation, Canada. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 309, 199–208.
14. Bicknell, R. D. C. & Smith, P. M. (2023). Five new malformed trilobites from Cambrian and Ordovician deposits from the Natural History Museum. PeerJ 11, e16326.
15. Bicknell, R. D. C., Holmes, J. D., García-Bellido, D. C. & Paterson, J. R. (2023). Malformed individuals of the trilobite Estaingia bilobata from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale and their palaeobiological implications. Geological Magazine 160, 803–812.
16. Bicknell, R. D. C., Smith, P. M. & Paterson, J. R. (2023). Malformed trilobites from the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian of Australia. PeerJ 11, e16634.
17. Bicknell, R. D. C., Smith, P. M. & Miller-Camp, J. (2024). An Atlas of Malformed Trilobites from North American Repositories Part 1. The Indiana University Paleontological Collection. American Museum Novitates 2024, 1–16.
18. Bicknell, R. D. C., Smith, P. M. & Hopkins, M. J. (2024). An Atlas of Malformed Trilobites from North American Repositories Part 2. The American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates 2024, 1–36.
19. Bicknell, R. D. C., P. M. Smith, L. Amati, and M. J. Hopkins. 2025. Abnormal trilobites from the Silurian and Devonian of Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 70: 205-212.
20. Budil, P. & Šarič, R. (1995). Cemented epibionts on the exoskeleton of the odontopleurid trilobite Selenopeltis vultuosa tenyl Snajdr, 1984. Věstnik Českeho geologickeho Ústavu 70, 29–31.
21. Budil, P. & Hörbinger, F. (2007). Exoskeletal structures and ultrastructures in Lower Devonian dalmanitid trilobites of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 82, 27–36.
22. Budil, P., Thomas, A. T. & Hörbinger, F. (2008). Exoskeletal architecture, hypostomal morphology and mode of life of Silurian and Lower Devonian dalmanitid trilobites. Bulletin of Geosciences 83, 1–10.
23. Cheng, M.-R., Han, J., Ou, Q., Zhang, Z.-F., Guo, J. & Zhang, X.-L. (2019). Injured trilobite Eoredlichia intermedia from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 58, 425–435.
24. Conway Morris, S. & Jenkins, R. J. F. (1985). Healed injuries in Early Cambrian trilobites from South Australia. Alcheringa 9, 167–177.
25. Daley, A. C. & Drage, H. B. (2016). The fossil record of ecdysis, and trends in the moulting behaviour of trilobites. Arthropod Structure & Development 45, 71–96.
26. Dalingwater, J. E. (1973). Trilobite cuticle microstructure and composition. Palaeontology 16, 827–839.
27. Dalingwater, J. E. (1975). Secondary microstructures in trilobite cuticles. Fossils and Strata 4, 151–154.
28. Dalingwater, J. E. & Miller, J. (1977). The laminae and cuticular organization of the trilobite Asaphus raniceps. Palaeontology 20, 21–32.
29. Dalingwater, J. E., Hutchinson, S. J., Mutvei, H. & Siveter, D. J. (1993). Trilobite cuticle calcification. In: Kobayashi, I., Mutvei, H. & Sahni, A. (eds.) Structure, Formation and Evolution of Fossil Hard Tissues. Tokyo: Tokai University Press, 13–20.
30. Dalingwater, J. E., Hutchinson, S. J., Mutvei, H. & Siveter, D. J. (1996). Mineralization of some homalonotid trilobite cuticles. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique, Monaco No. spécial 14, 343–351.
31. Davies, A. M. (1894). On the minute structure of the trilobite-crust. South Counties Press.
32. Fatka, O., Szabad, M. & Budil, P. (2009). Malformed agnostids from the Middle Cambrian Jince Formation of the Příbram-Jince Basin, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 84, 121–126.
33. Fatka, O., Budil, P. & Grigar, L. (2015). A unique case of healed injury in a Cambrian trilobite. Annales de Paléontologie 101, 295–299.
34. Fatka, O., Budil, P. & Zicha, O. (2021). Exoskeletal and eye repair in Dalmanitina socialis (Trilobita): An example of blastemal regeneration in the Ordovician. International Journal of Paleopathology 34, 113–121.
35. Fatka, O. (2021). Frontal auxiliary impressions in the Ordovician trilobite Dalmanitina Reed, 1905 from the Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 481–491.
36. Fortey, R. A. & Wilmot, N. V. (1991). Trilobite cuticle thickness in relation to palaeoenvironment. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65, 141–151.
37. Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. (1999). The trilobite exoskeleton. In: Savazzi, E. (ed.) Functional Morphology of the Invertebrate Skeleton. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 537–562.
38. Gishlick, A. D. & Fortey, R. A. (2003). Trilobite tridents demonstrate sexual combat at 400 Mya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 120, e2119970120.
39. Han, N.-R. (1978). Panderian organs of Cyclopyge rotundata Lu (Trilobita). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 17, 351–356.
40. Han, N.-R. (1980). [On the carapace of Hammatocnemis Kielan (Trilobita)]. Geological Review 26, 183–189.
41. Han, N.-R. (1983). On the enrollment of Remopleurides (Trilobita). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22, 113–118.
42. Han, N.-R. (1984). The panderian organs of Nileus nileonis (Trilobita). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 23, 513–518.
43. Han, N.-R. & Zhang, J.-L. (1991). Malformed thoracic pleurae of Redlichia (Redlichia) hupehensis Hsü. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 30, 126–128.
44. Han, N.-R. (1993). Exoskeleton and coaptative structure of Calymenesun granulosa Lu. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 32, 587–595.
45. Han, N.-R. (1993). Panderian organs of Phacops kuangxiensis Chang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 32, 490–494.
46. Han, N.-R. (2002). Panderian Organ and Enrollment of Ordovician Trilobites. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
47. Hegna, T. A. (2010). The function of forks: Isotelus-type hypostomes and trilobite feeding. Lethaia 43, 411–419.
48. Hupé, P. (1945). Les organes de Pander des trilobites asaphides. Compte Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences 221, 705–706.
49. Hupé, P. (1954). A propos des organes de Pander des Trilobites. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 6th série 4, 701–711.
50. Jago, J. B. & Haines, P. W. (2002). Repairs to an injured early Middle Cambrian trilobite, Elkedra area, Northern Territory. Alcheringa 26, 19–21.
51. Lee, J. G., Choi, D. K. & Pratt, B. R. (2001). A teratological pygidium of the Upper Cambrian trilobite Eugonocare (Pseudeugonocare) bispinatum from the Machari Formation, Korea. Journal of Paleontology 75, 216–218.
52. Lerosey-Aubril, R., Hegna, T. A. & Olive, S. (2011). Inferring internal anatomy from the trilobite exoskeleton: the relationship between frontal auxiliary impressions and the digestive system. Lethaia 44, 166–184.
53. Lerosey-Aubril, R., Paterson, J. R., Gibb, S. & Chatterton, B. D. E. (2017). Exceptionally-preserved late Cambrian fossils from the McKay Group (British Columbia, Canada) and the evolution of tagmosis in aglaspidid arthropods. Gondwana Research 42, 264–279.
54. Lin, J.-P., Ivantsov, A. Y. & Briggs, D. E. G. (2011). The cuticle of the enigmatic arthropod Phytophilaspis and biomineralization in Cambrian arthropods. Lethaia 44, 344–349.
55. Ludvigsen, R. (1977). Rapid repair of traumatic injury by an Ordovician trilobite. Lethaia 10, 205–207.
56. McAllister, J. E. & Brand, U. (1989). Geochemistry of some Ordovician and Devonian trilobite cuticles from North America. Chemical Geology 78, 51–63.
57. McRoberts, C. A., Hegna, T. A., Burke, J. J., Stice, M. L., Mize, S. K. & Martin, M. J. (2013). Original spotted patterns on Middle Devonian phacopid trilobites from western and central New York. Geology 41, 607–610.
58. Mergl, M. & Budil, P. (2011). Unikátní zachování exoskeletonů trilobitů v řevnických křemencích (libeňské souvrství, ordovik) z Ejpovic na Rokycansku [Exceptional preservation of trilobite exoskeletons in the Řevnice Quartzite (Libeň Formation, Ordovician) from Ejpovice in the Rokycany area]. Zprávy o Geologických Výzkumech v roce 2010, 109–112.
59. Miller, J. & Clarkson, E. N. K. (1980). The post-ecdysial development of the cuticle and the eye of the Devonian trilobite Phacops rana milleri Stewart 1927. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences 288, 461–480.
60. Naimark, E. B. & Chaika, S. Y. (2023). The Complex Structure of the Cuticle of Pseudagnostus (Agnostina, Trilobita?). Paleontological Journal 57, 762–774.
61. Naimark, E. B. & Chaika, S. Y. (2025). The cuticle of Agnostina (basal Euarthropoda) was three-layered. Arthropod Structure & Development 86, 101447.
62. Owen, A. W. (1980). An abnormal cranidium of the trilobite Calyptaulax norvegicus. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 60, 87–88.
63. Owen, A. W. (1983). Abnormal cephalic fringes in the Trinucleidae and Harpetidae (Trilobita). Special Papers in Palaeontology 30, 241–247.
64. Owen, A. W. (1985). Trilobite abnormalities. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 76, 255–272.
65. Owen, A. W. & Tilsley, J. W. (1997). An abnormal pygidium of the trilobite Brachymetopus ornatus Woodward from the Lower Carboniferous of Derbyshire. Geological Journal 31, 389–392.
66. Pates, S., Bicknell, R. D. C., Daley, A. C. & Zamora, S. (2017). Quantitative analysis of repaired and unrepaired damage to trilobites from the Cambrian (Stage 4, Drumian) Iberian Chains, NE Spain. Palaios 32, 750–761.
67. Petr, V. 1983. Teratologicke pygidium trilobita Radioscutellum intermixtum (Hawle et Corda, 1847) z konepruskych vapencu ve sbirkach Okresniho muzea v Beroune [Teratological pygidium of the trilobite species Radioscutellum intermixtum (Hawle et Corda, 1847) from the Koneprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian, Pragian) deposited in the District Museum of Beroun]. Český Kras 8: 56-59.
68. Pocock, K. J. (1974). A unique case of teratology in trilobite segmentation. Lethaia 7, 63–66.
69. Prantl, F. (1947). Some abnormalities in Crotalocephalus Salter (Trilobitae). Bulletin International de l’Académie Tchèque des Sciences 48, 1–16.
70. Prantl, F. (1954). Teratologie druhu Harpes venulosus Hawle a Corda. Časopis Národního Muzea 123, 121.
71. Rábano, I. & Arbizu, M. (1999). Casos de malformaciones en trilobites de España [Cases of trilobite malformations in Spain]. Revista Española de Paleontología Numero extraordinario, 109–113.
72. Rudkin, D. M. (1985). Exoskeletal abnormalities in four trilobites. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 479–483.
73. Schöning, H. (2012). Drei missgebildete pygidien von Triobiten aus geschieben der Kunda-Stufe (Darriwilium) [Three malformed pygidia of triobites from Kunda stage (Darriwilian) rocks]. Der Geschiebesammler 45, 133–141.
74. Šilinger, M., Fatka, O. & Budil, P. (2025). Paleobiology of trilobite exoskeletons. Decapod Crustacean Multidisciplinary Workshop 32–33.
75. Sinclair, G. W. (1947). Two examples of injury in Ordovician trilobites. American Journal of Science 245, 250–257.
76. Šnajdr, M. (1937). Pathological exoskeletons of two Ordovician trilobites. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 16, 357–370.
77. Šnajdr, M. (1979). Note on the regenerative ability of injured trilobites. Vestník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 54, 171–173.
78. Šnajdr, M. (1979). Patologicke exoskeletony dvou ordovickych trilobitu z barrandienu [Pathological exoskeletons of two Ordovician trilobites from the Barrandian]. Časopis Národního Muzea. Oddíl přírodovědný 148, 173–176.
79. Šnajdr, M. (1979). Two trinucleid trilobites with repair of traumatic injury. Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho = Bulletin of the Geological Survey, Prague 54, 49–50.
80. Šnajdr, M. (1981). Bohemian Proetidae with malformed exoskeletons (Trilobita). Sborník Geologických Vĕd. Paleontologie 24, 37–61.
81. Šnajdr, M. (1985). Anomalous exoskeletons of Bohemian encrinurine trilobites. Vestník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 60, 303–306.
82. Šnajdr, M. (1990). Bohemian trilobites. Prague: Geological Survey.
83. Šnajdr, M. (1990). Five extremely malformed Scutelluid pygidia (Styginidae, Trilobita). Vestník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 65, 115–118.
84. Størmer, L. (1980). Sculpture and microstructure of the exoskeleton in chasmopinid and phacopid trilobites. Palaeontology 23, 237–271.
85. Teigler, D. J. & Towe, K. M. (1975). Microstructure and composition of the trilobite exoskeleton. Fossils and Strata 4, 137–149.
86. Towe, K. (1978). Do trilobites have a typical arthropod cuticle? Palaeontology 21, 459–461.
87. Vokáč, V. (1996). On some abnormities of trilobite exoskeleton from Central Bohemian Palaeozoicum. Palaeontologia Bohemiae 2, 20–22.
88. Walcott, C. D. (1883). Injury sustained by the eye of a trilobite at the time of the moulting of the shell. American Journal of Science 26, 302.
89. Wilmot, N. V. & Fallick, A. E. (1989). Original mineralogy of trilobite exoskeletons. Palaeontology 32, 297–304.
90. Wilmot, N. V. (1990). Biomechanics of trilobite exoskeletons. Palaeontology 33, 749–768.
91. Wilmot, N. V. (1990). Primary and diagenetic microstructure in trilobite exoskeletons. Historical Biology 4, 51–65.
92. Zhu, X.-J. & Peng, S. (2005). Malformed trilobites from Furongian of southwestern Guangxi, China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 22, 222–223.
93. Zhu, X.-J., Peng, S.-C., Du, S.-X. & Hu, Y.-S. (2007). Ontogeny and malformation of Tamdaspis jingxiensis sp. nov. (Trilobita, Cambrian) from Jingxi, Guangxi, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 46, 225–231.
94. Zong, R.-W. (2021). Injuries and molting interference in a trilobite from the Cambrian (Furongian) of South China. PeerJ 9, e11201.