2020年4月

August 2018

• Palka, J. (1979). Theories of pattern formation in insect neural development. In Advances in insect physiology (Vol. 14, pp. 251-349). Academic Press. "The haltere nerve is purely sensory nerve which travels directly to the CNS", Advances in insect physiology,

• 平成27年度合理的配慮提供に際しての合意形成プロセスと調整に関する国際調査報告書

• Crytzer, Theresa Marie, Rory Cooper, Genevieve Jerome, and Alicia Koontz. "Identifying research needs for wheelchair transfers in the built environment." Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 12, no. 2 (2017): 121-127.

• Copyright Advisory Network, http://librarycopyright.net/

• PEN America

  • PEN America stands at the intersection of literature and human rights to protect open expression in the United States and worldwide. We champion the freedom to write, recognizing the power of the word to transform the world. Our mission is to unite writers and their allies to celebrate creative expression and defend the liberties that make it possible.

• Ctr+Shift+v でコピーした絵を ImageJ

• https://github.com/finkelsteinlab/BioRxiv-Template

• Wentz, B., Pham, D., Feaser, E., Smith, D., Smith, J. and Wilson, A., 2018. Documenting the accessibility of 100 US bank and finance websites. Universal Access in the Information Society, pp.1-10.

  • details on how to improve accessibility and follow WCAG guidelines have been provided by [36, 41] and were also noted in [42].

• p-value, highly significant?

• 科学的ケース・スタディの要件： IBトップ３ジャーナル掲載論文からの帰納的探求 金 熙珍（東北大学）

  • 更に詳しくコーディング（Coding）の手順を 示す論文も多い。つまり、収集された膨大な量の テキスト・データを主要コンセプト別にラベル付 けをしながら、徐々に構成概念（construct）として縮約していくプロセス（data reduction）を示 すことである。コーディングの手法として最も頻 繁に引用されるのは、Strauss & Corbin （1990）（5） （Open coding → Axial coding → Selective coding） と Miles & Huberman （1994）（Data reduction （hierarchical coding） → Display → Conclusion drawing → Verification）である。 コーディング方法は個々のプロセスが重要と されるため、簡単にまとめて紹介することは難 しいが、Kroon, Cornelissen & Vaara （2015）、 Peltokorpi & Vaara （2012）、Tippmann, Scott & Mangematin （2012）が好例となる。彼らは、構 成概念として現れる諸要因がどのようなプロ セスより導き出されたのかを、データの構造 （structure of the data or coding scheme）といっ た表で示しており、そこにはインタビュー内容 （illustrative quotas）→カテゴリ分け（categories） →統合的な次元（aggregate dimensions）といっ たデータ縮約（data reduction）の例を分かりや すく挙げている。

• Gold, G. (2003). Rediscovering place: experiences of a quadriplegic anthropologist. Canadian geographer/Le géographe canadien, 47(4), 467-479.

• Braben, D. et al.: We need more scientific mavericks, Guardian, 2014.Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/18/we-need-more-scientific-mavericks (November 8, 201山田祐樹 (2018). 再現可能性問題をハックする ―是非に及ばぬ研究コミュニティからの包囲網― ヒューマンインタフェース学会誌, 20(1), 17-22. [PDF] [本論文の解説記事]

• Gilmore RO, Adolph KE. Video can make behavioural science more reproducible. Nature Human Behavior. 2017 Jun 12;1(7):0128. 「クラウドピアレビュー」

• スイスチーズモデル

• The 9 Circles of Scientific Hell By Neuroskeptic | November 24, 2010 10:45 am

• 大谷尚, 2017. 質的研究とは何か. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI, 137(6), pp.653-658.

  • 質的研究の特徴

    • 仮説検証を目的としない．

    • 実験的研究状況を設定しない．

    • インタビューや観察から言語データを作成する．

    • 言語データを分析する．

    • データ以外の得られる資料も総合して検討する．

    • 研究者の主体的解釈を積極的に活用する．

    • 研究対象の有する具体性や個別性を通して一般性や普遍性を追究する．

    • 心理・社会・文化的な文脈を考慮してデータを分析する．

    • そうして現象に内在・潜在する意味を見い出して理論化する．

  • 質的研究の手続き

    • リサーチクエスチョンの設定

    • 研究のデザイン

    • データ採取

    • データ分析

    • 理論記述（理論化）

• ヤマトホームコンビニエンス 0120-46-1254 http://www.008008.jp/transport/

• 超高齢社会に新たな門戸を開き始めた高等教育機関

• 平成最後の夏期講習，【落合陽一・小泉進次郎 共同企画】 『第一回 平成最後の夏期講習(社会科編)』－人生100年時代の社会保障とPolitech

• D:\Haltere\merge\all_cHINs

• 障害者採用に係る職務等の開発に向けた事業主支援技法に関する研究 2010年４月 独立行政法人高齢・障害者雇用支援機構 障害者職業総合センター

• 飛行Mach 数変動に対する性能のロバスト性に着目した 火星航空機 2 次元翼の空力最適化

  • 火星航空機を設計する上で注意すべき点の 1 つが，飛行条件の特異性である．火星大気の密度は地球の約 1/100 と非常に低く[4]，また打ち上げロケットの輸送能力の制限により火星航空機の機体サイズが小さくなることから，火星航空機は約 105 程度の低Reynolds 数で飛行することになる．加えて，火星大気の音速は地球の約 2/3 程度であり [4]，かつ薄い大気中で自重を支えるだけの揚力を得るために高速で飛行する必要があることから，火星航空機は 0.45 以上の高亜音速 Mach 数で飛行することになる．しかし，このような低 Reynolds 数かつ高亜音速 Mach 数という特殊な飛行条件では，過去に地球上で航空機が実用化された例は高高度航空機を除いてほとんどないため，現時点で設計概念が確立されていると言いがたい．また，過去に提案された火星航空機の設計コンセプト [1–3] は従来の地球航空機の設計概念を単純拡張したものに過ぎす，幅広い設計空間で火星航空機の設計コンセプトの議論が十分に行われていないのも現状である．

  • 火星航空機を設計する上で注意すべきもう 1 つの点が，気流変動である．火星上空では非常に強い偏西風が吹いており，その風速が季節的，日的に変化することが知られている [5]．さらに，その偏西風は起伏に富んだ火星表面と干渉し，強制プラネタリー波と呼ばれる強い鉛直風を生み出すことも知られている [6]．しかし，過去に提案された火星航空機の設計 [1–3] では，このような火星特有の気流変動の影響がほとんど考慮されていないのが現状である．気流変動が存在すると飛行条件が大きく変化し，性能も劇的に変化して予定されたミッションが達成されない危険性があるため，性能のロバスト性を考慮することが火星航空機設計では非常に重要である．

• 第 25 回数値流体力学シンポジウム A04-1 1 Copyright © 2011 by JSFM 平均揚力最大時の羽ばたき翼の三次元効果の解析 Analysis of three-dimensional effects on flapping wing aerodynamics associated with a time-averaged lift maximized wing motion

  • 近年，ローバーやランダーのような着陸機ではなく，飛行タイプの火星探査機（火星航空機）が様々な国で提案され[1-3]，注目を集めている（Fig.1）．しかし，火星大気の密度は地球に比べ非常に薄く，想定される火星航空機の飛行条件ではレイノルズ数（Re 数）が非常に小さくなる．一般的な固定翼タイプや回転翼タイプの航空機翼の空力特性はRe 数の低下と共に悪化することが知られており，想定される火星航空機のRe数（103～104 程度）では，流れは容易に翼面からの剥離を起こしやすく，高い揚力を出すことが難しい．従って，火星航空機には高い揚力を確保するための何らかの工夫が必要である．

  • 現在，火星航空機システムとして考えられているのが，固定翼機・回転翼機・羽ばたき機・気球などである．それぞれの飛行システムには長所・短所があり，この内，羽ばたき機は以下の利点から期待されている．

  • ・ 想定されるRe 数が103程度で，地球上での昆虫のそれとおおよそ一致しており，昆虫などが低Re 数下で羽ばたき飛行を行う事実から，火星のような低Re 数でも高い揚力の発生や優れた飛行性能を発揮できる可能性がある

  • ・ 火星という未開の荒地において，比較的狭い領域での垂直離着陸が可能である

  • ・ 固定・回転翼に比べて突風や横風に強く，嵐などが多いとされる火星環境下でも対応できる

  • しかしながら，羽ばたき運動の空力メカニズムが十分に明らかになっていないため，自律制御が難しいという問題点がある．

  • 羽ばたき翼の空力性能向上を図るためには，想定される火星羽ばたき航空機のRe 数に於いて，特徴的な羽ばたき運動である，

  • ・ ホバリング時の運動

  • ・ 巡航時の運動

  • の2つの空力メカニズムの理解が不可欠であると考えられる．

  • ホバリング時の運動については，これまでに地球上の昆虫をモデルにした多くの研究がなされており，昆虫はホバリング時に流れを翼前縁で剥離させ，生じる強い前縁剥離渦の負圧を利用することで高い揚力を得ていることが実験や数値計算を用いた研究により明らかになっている[4-6]．

  • 一方巡航時の運動については， MAV（Micro Air Vehicle）開発に向けた羽ばたきの研究の中で行われている．これらの研究でのRe数は104～105であり，高い推進効率を出すような羽ばたき運動は，ホバリング時にみられた前縁剥離渦を発生させるといった大規模剥離を伴わない運動であるという報告がなされている[7,8]．しかし，火星航空機にこれらの知見を適用するには以下の問題点がある．

  • ・ 火星航空機の想定される103程度のRe数での巡航時に於ける運動についての研究が十分されていないため，この領域での揚力・推力の発生メカニズムの理解が不十分である．

  • ・ 多くのMAV設計に向けた3次元羽ばたき運動の流れ場に関する研究は，主な運動の定義として、翼の上下運動のみを考慮しているが，鳥や昆虫が利用している実際の羽ばたき運動には，翼の迎角を時間的に変化させるような複雑な運動であり，このような運動に対しての議論が不十分である．

July 2018

• "Quetzalcoatl wing", https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=DkDSNkeJlQsC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=Quetzalcoatl+wing&source=bl&ots=uv4-bL6Uuv&sig=zyOQPNAr2jTZd_JWQ4dpsIY_kx0&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi66-KYq8jcAhVHhbwKHZo4Br4Q6AEwFHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Quetzalcoatl%20wing&f=false

• Marsbee - Swarm of Flapping Wing Flyers for Enhanced Mars Exploration Chang-kwon Kang University of Alabama, Huntsville

  • Because of the ultra-low Martian density, the power is dominated by the inertial power. A torsional spring mounted at the wing root to temporarily store otherwise wasted energy and reduce the overall inertial power at resonance. Whereas rotary wing concepts are much more mature in both design and control, these two innovations are uniquely suited to bioinspired flapping vehicles and provide flying near the Martian terrain as a viable means of mobility.

  • From a systems engineering perspective, the Marsbee offers many benefits over traditional aerospace systems. The smaller volume, designed for the interplanetary spacecraft payload configuration, provides much more flexibility. Also, the Marsbee inherently offers more robustness to individual system failures. Because of its relatively small size and the small volume of airspace needed to test the system, it can be validated in a variety of accessible testing facilities.

• Flip-flop, network model of persistent activity: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9187417/

• https://www.google.co.jp/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefriday.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2Fmidge-flower-min.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefriday.com%2Fsegments%2Fchocolate-brought-to-you-by-bugs%2F&docid=rR5ozHndBx26EM&tbnid=l-401ALNYtvCLM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjT__S04MXcAhVBR60KHdB_CuwQMwhmKCIwIg..i&w=1000&h=666&bih=898&biw=1920&q=midge%20flower%20cacao&ved=0ahUKEwjT__S04MXcAhVBR60KHdB_CuwQMwhmKCIwIg&iact=mrc&uact=8

• The stink of the corpse flower, explained | NPR's Skunk Bear

• https://www.google.co.jp/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwipwsDMz8XcAhVDOKwKHcqCCHIQjB16BAgBEAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uq.edu.au%2F_School_Science_Lessons%2FCocoaProj.html&psig=AOvVaw3e3h_tKMJTeZmYK0G7eV6N&ust=1532998559588346

• Loud Buzzing Bumblebee Works a Champlain Rose

• Slo-Mo Footage of a Bumble Bee Dislodging Pollen ， Smithsonian.com

• This Vibrating Bumblebee Unlocks a Flower's Hidden Treasure | Deep Look

• 目の中に浮かんでいるものはなんだろう？ - マイケル

• From instinct to intelligence: has AI taken a wrong turning?

• New theory allows drones to see distances with one eye

• Honey bee aerobatics, non-GPS Flight, http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/3318902.htm

• イギリス 安全衛生規制の手引き

• Ikeda, K., & Koenig, J. H. (1988). Morphological identification of the motor neurons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 273(3), 436-444.

When halteres are experimentally induced to flap, volleys of action potentials within the haltere nerve occur in synchrony with the haltere-beat frequency.[2] When flies are then rotated, these volleys break down, likely in response to different groups of sensilla being activated to inform the fly of its recently changed body position. Haltere afferents have also been shown to terminate in the mesothoracic neuropil where flight muscle neurons are located.[30] Haltere afferent activity responding to rotations and wing steering behavior converge in this processing region.[30]

• • 2. Pringle, J. W. S. (2 November 1948). "The Gyroscopic Mechanism of the Halteres of Diptera". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 233 (602): 347–384. doi:10.1098/rstb.1948.0007.

  • 30. Chan, WP; Prete, F; Dickinson, MH (10 April 1998). "Visual input to the efferent control system of a fly's "gyroscope"". Science. 280 (5361): 289–92. doi:10.1126/science.280.5361.289. PMID 9535659.

• . Hardcastle, B. J., & Krapp, H. G. (2016). Evolution of biological image stabilization. Current Biology, 26(20), R1010-R1021.

  • Several studies on the function of the halteres suggest that they sense body rotation rates based on the spatio-temporal activation pattern across arrays of mechanoreceptors at the haltere base, called campaniform sensilla [62,80,81]. The current view is that the underlying mechanism relies on the measurement of Coriolis forces which occur when the thorax suddenly rotates relative to the haltere beating plane [82]. Behavioral studies show that the response delay of haltere-induced stabilization reflexes is rather short [83].

  • 83. Hengstenberg, R., Sandeman, D.C., and Hengstenberg, B. (1986). Compensatory head roll in the blowfly Calliphora during flight. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 227, 455–482.

    • Haltere, for instance, can induce compensatory head movements within about 5 ms and have high sensitivity to angular velocities in excess of 100./s [83]. Ocelli are suggested to cover an intermediate velocity range, initiating behavior after an estimated 10– 15 ms and speeding up signals from the motion vision pathway, which contributes only after 20 ms [64].

• 職業リハビリテーションにおける 課題分析の実務的手法の研究 （調査研究報告書№73） サマリー．2006 年 3 月 独立行政法人高齢・障害者雇用支援機構 障害者職業総合センター

• 職業リハビリテーションにおける課題分析の実務的手法の研究

• 刈間理介. "米国の大学の安全衛生管理体制に関する調査研究." 環境と安全 1, no. 1 (2010): 1_61-1_71.

• Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning

  • 体重の250倍の糞/日

  • 7000種以上

  • ローラー，トンネラー，ドュエラー（棲む）

  • 糞コロガシの経済効果は3億8000万ドル，アメリカ農家

• アジア諸国の建築物バリアフリー環境整備に関する法制度体系 A Study on Legislation System for Promotion of Barrier-free Building Environment in Asian Countries 佐藤克志1 Katsushi Satoh1

• 林 昌之 編 2017年3月発行 アジアにおける障害者のアクセシビリティ法制 ジェトロ・アジア経済研究所．

• Callebaut, W., Rasskin-Gutman, D., & Simon, H. A. (Eds.). (2005). Modularity: understanding the development and evolution of natural complex systems. MIT press. Evolutionary Modules: Conceptual Analyses and Empirical Hypotheses.

• ”3D Imaging with Walabot & Amazon Alexa", https://www.hackster.io/contests/walabot2017

• "Alexa, Turn on This Lamp: Smart 3D Sensor for Amazon Eco", Ron Dagdag, Johnathan Hottell, Harold Pulcher (Microsoft MVP) Published December 31, 2017 © GPL3+

• 高周波を利用したレーダーイメージ3Dセンサ – Vayyar

• According to research from STEM3 Academy, 35% of students on the autism spectrum choose STEM majors in college. That is twice the amount of general population students. However, 50% of these students lose interest in their STEM pursuits or decide that they are irrelevant to their education or future.

  • ヒトの検出，および転倒の把握

  • ヒトの位置と姿勢，活動量の検知

  • “人の目を超える”、UWBを使った3Dセンサー

• Phed

  • STARTプログラム，Survival skills training for adaptation relationship transition, START, 大学での適応を順調にし，就職に必要な力をつけるプログラム．明星大学社会移行支援プログラム．平成 27 年度 START プログラム実践報告

  • 住人がマイノリティであることが多い．"Islander"，経済的な問題．長期的なビジョン：障害児の保護者向けのプログラム，アメリカではすべての州に存在する．

  • ATライブラリ，アクションリサーチとライブラリが一体化．

    • 障害者総合支援法による．

  • 2012年に，高等教育局において，障害と名の付く部局は無かった．

  • アクションリサーチ：社会活動で生じる諸問題について，小集団での基礎的研究でそのメカニズムを解明し，得られた知見を社会生活に還元して現状を改善することを目的とした実践的研究。ドイツの心理学者レビンが提唱。

  • JABEE，一般社団法人日本技術者教育認定機構（JABEE）は、技術者を育成する教育プログラムを「技術者に必要な知識と能力」「社会の要求水準」などの観点から審査し、認定する非政府系組織．技術者教育認定の世界的枠組みであるワシントン協定などの考えに準拠しており、認定プログラムの技術者教育は国際的に同等であると認められます。筑波大学工学系で上肢障害の学生？が，介助者を利用してJABEE認定．本質的な機能（Technical standard）を満足していればよい．

  • Phed，SIGにTechnical standard 部会．

  • シーサン（CSUN），カリフォルニア州立大学ノースリッジ校．聴覚障害研究の学科がある．障害センター，1000人（うち200人は聴覚障害）ほどの障害学生が在籍．毎年３月にCSUNが開催する技術と障害会議（Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference）は世界最大規模の障害研究に関するイベント

    • ギャローデット大学，Gallaudet Universityとは、アメリカ合衆国ワシントンD.C.所在の聴覚障害者のための大学である。私立大学でありながら、連邦議会より多額の補助金を受けている。この大学の教員であった言語学者ウィリアム・ストーキー(William Stokoe)が1960年に発表した論文「手話の構造」は、手話が自然言語であることを初めて指摘したものとして知られる（Wikipedia）。

  • コンプライアンスと権利保障

  • 善意からコンプライアンスへ

  • LD学会

  • アメリカの障害者製作とモニタリングの枠組み

  • 米国教育省 から500万ドル（約5億円）の助成がなされ、アクセ シブルな教材のためのデジタルイメージとグラッフィ ク資料事業(Digital Image and Graphic Resources for Accessible Materials、DIAGRAM)が2010年３月に開 始された（http://blog.normanet.ne.jp/atdo/index. php?q=node/114,http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/daisy/ consortium/news/news100331_3.html）。

  • ablenet，エイブルネット，https://www.ablenetinc.com/

  • 日本はボトムアップ・職人的，アメリカはトップダウン，最初にルールを作って普及，日本はパッケージ・コマーシャルが苦手．

• CRCNS - Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience - Data sharing, https://crcns.org/data-sets/ia

• Dickinson, M. H., & Muijres, F. T. (2016). The aerodynamics and control of free flight manoeuvres in Drosophila. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 371(1704), 20150388.

  • Sensory signals experienced by an animal due to its own deliberate actions are known as ‘reafference’ [63]. What reafferent feedback, experienced during the initial bank, might trigger the counter-bank? The time delay between the initial bank and counter-bank for an escape manoeuvre is approximately 25 ms (or five wingbeats), which seems too short for visual feedback. The most likely source of fast feedback during flight manoeuvres are the mechanoreceptors on the rapidly oscillating halteres, a subset of which are thought to act as gyroscopes by detecting Coriolis forces resulting from body rotation [64,65]. The subset of campaniform sensilla that are best positioned to detect Coriolis forces as the haltere oscillates are also those that make direct electrotonic synapses with a steering motor neuron that has been implicated in fast alterations of wing kinematics [66,67]. Clever, free flight experiments in which a magnetic coil system is used to impart a rapid rotation of a fly indicate that some sensory system—most probably the halteres—can trigger compensatory reactions within about three wingbeats (approx. 15 ms) [68], consistent with the time delay between the bank and counter-bank phases of a flight manoeuvre. Other modalities that might trigger the counter-roll include campaniform sensilla on the wing, which are the serial homologues of those on the haltere [69], Johnston's organ of the antennae [70,71] and the ocelli [72–74]. These sensory systems might be of particular importance for controlling flight manoeuvres in non-dipteran insects that do not possess halteres [75,76].

  • 69: Cole ES, Palka J. 1982 The pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing and haltere of Drosophila melanogaster and several of its homeotic mutants. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 71, 41–61.

  • 75:

  • Eberle A,

  • Dickerson B,

  • Reinhall P,

  • Daniel T

. 2015 A new twist on gyroscopic sensing: body rotations lead to torsion in flapping, flexing insect wings. J. R. Soc. Interface 12, 20141088.

• • • There is also growing evidence that this flexibility enhances aerodynamic performance [27 –31]. However, flapping wings experience more than just the large aerodynamic and inertial forces associated with their flapping. Just as with halteres, they also experience additional inertial forces, specifically gyroscopic forces, as they undergo rapid rotational accelerations of their bodies. Thus, wing compliance may serve to improve more than just aerodynamic performance; wing compliance may also amplify the wings’ ability to serve as sensors of the body’s angular velocity.

    • high temporal precision is a hallmark of campaniform sensilla on halteres [45 –49] and wings [18]. 18:Dickerson BH, Aldworth ZN, Daniel TL. 2014 Control of moth flight posture is mediated by wing mechanosensory feedback. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 2301 – 2308. (doi:10.1242/jeb.103770)

• Dickinson, M. (2006). Insect flight. Current Biology, 16(9), R309-R314.

  • The fact that the motor system employs a phase code places important constraints on the neural circuits that process sensory information, because ultimately the command signals to steering motorneurons must be carefully synchronized with the wingbeat (Figure 3). This sensory-to-motor transformation is relatively simple for a fast inner control loop that maintains flight stability.

  • Mechanosensors at the base of the wing and the halteres (the modified hind wings of flies) provide reflexive cycle-by-cycle input to steering motorneurons, thereby entraining them to specific phases of the wingbeat.

  • The tiny halteres are subject to Coriolis forces that deflect them from their back-andforth motion when the body rotates during flight. Specialized sensors encode this deflection and provide strong monosynaptic drive that is capable of entraining steering muscles to different phases in the stroke cycle, thereby affecting compensatory changes in wing motion that counter the imposed rotation. The robustness of this relatively simple feedback loop is responsible for the remarkable stability and maneuverability of flies, which can sustain large losses in wing area or the temporary lack of visual input without crashing. Ablation of the halteres, however, causes an immediate catastrophic failure, which indicates the importance of these structures in active flight control.

  • The translation of sensory signals into the phase code of the motor system is more complicated for the outer control loop that uses visual and olfactory information to guide the animal towards particular features in the environment.

  • . The visual and olfactory systems are intrinsically slow due to biochemical transduction cascades and subsequent neural processing. Somehow, these slow signals must be fused with rapid mechanosensory input from the wings and halteres to create a command code that can advance and delay the firing phase of steering motorneurons. Where and how this fusion takes place is unknown, but one intriguing feature of the system is that halteres possess their own set of tiny steering muscles whose motor neurons receive input from the visual system. By altering the motion of the haltere, the visual system might shift the phase of the feedback from the haltere to wing steering muscles.

• Ritzmann, R. E., & Bender, J. A. (2010). Insect Flight and Walking: Neuroethological Basis.

  • Beyond these uses, the halteres also have a more celebrated function as onboard gyroscopes, recently studied in depth by Michael Dickinson’s lab. Some of the halteres’ mechanosensors do not respond phasically to each stroke but rather are activated when the halteres are deflected from their stroke plane. Since the halteres are so tiny, such a deflection would not result from a swat or even from wind blowing the haltere, but only by Coriolis forces corresponding to a rotation of the fly’s body, and then only during a particular part of the haltere’s stroke phase. Afferent neurons from the deflection-sensitive fields are electrically coupled to motor neurons of the wing steering muscles, thereby producing very fast and precisely timed contractions designed to compensate for the imposed rotation of the body. This ability to sense body rotations seems to be very important to insect flight, possibly because the inherent instability of flight in small animals makes the maintenance of equilibrium a task of primary importance. Recent studies suggest that moths and butterflies may use their antennae as rotation sensors, in a similar manner to the halteres of flies

• Lehmann, F. O. (2017). Neural Control and Precision of Spike Phasing in Flight Muscles.

  • Rhythmic locomotor behavior in animals requires exact timing of muscle activation within the locomotor cycle. Neural strategies for timing control that employ higher brain function, however, suffer from synaptic and neural transmission delays, making them inefficient for control of fast-frequent locomotor systems. Evolutionary pressure on muscle timing control is particularly pronounced in flying insects with wing flapping periods of few milliseconds. In these animals, sensory integration is often achieved at the level of the peripheral nervous system, circumventing the central brain and controlling spike activation phases with little delay, rather than muscle spike frequency.

  • Precise muscle control in flies requires an exact timing of muscle spike initiation within the stroke cycle because the efficacy of flight control muscles on wing kinematics varies with changing activation phase. This was demonstrated by simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of muscle activity and wing kinematics (Lehmann and Götz 1996; Tu and Dickinson 1994, 1996; Heide and Götz 1996). Flies may thus gradually control wing kinematics without alterations in muscle spike frequency. Preferred muscle activation phases in flies have been reported for flight control muscles basalare 1 and 2, axillare I1, axillare III1-4 (Heide 1979; Lehmann and Götz 1996; Balint and Dickinson 2001) and fibers of A-IFM (Spüler and Heide 1978; Heide et al. 1985). Muscle activation phases may widely vary during flight and are often temporally distributed over the entire wing stroke cycle, which is shown for multiple muscles in the blowfly Calliphora (Balint and Dickinson 2001). Activation phases, however, consistently shift during yaw maneuvers, as shown for spikes of the basalare 1 muscle during turning flight in Musca (~63°; Egelhaaf 1989), Calliphora (~26°; Tu and Dickinson 1996; Balint and Dickinson 2001), and Drosophila (~39°; Heide and Götz 1996). Phase shifts are also found in other insects such as moth, in which the left–right pairs of dorsolongitudinal and ventral muscles precisely fire within 0.5–0.6 ms of each other. Data show that this timing difference typically increases to ~8 ms during yaw turning of the animal (Sponberg and Daniel 2012; Springthorpe et al. 2012).

• Strausfeld, N. J., & Seyan, H. S. (1985). Convergence of visual, haltere, and prosternai inputs at neck motor neurons of Calliphora erythrocephala. Cell and Tissue Research, 240(3), 601-615.

  • All cross the midline of the mesothorax, and the largest of them exceeds the diameter of the giant descending neuron, hitherto thought to be the largest axon in the CNS (Strausfeld and Bacon 1983).

  • In Drosophila, cHINs follow the tracts "HC" and "MTD" (Power 1948). In Calliphora cHINs are cobalt-coupled anterogradely (Fig. 9 B) and retrogradely (Fig. 9 C) to FN 1-8.

• King, D. G., & Tanouye, M. A. (1983). Anatomy of motor axons to direct flight muscles in Drosophila. Journal of Experimental Biology, 105(1), 231-239.

  • The axons innervating muscles pal, pa2, pa3, pa4 and pa5 are all relatively large for Drosophila, with diameters typically ranging from 3— 10/rni (Fig. 2). The motor axon to muscle pa4 is consistently the largest of these, occasionally reaching a diameter of 15/im. The pa4 axon is thus one of the largest nerve fibres in the fly, comparable only to the cervical giant fibre and the giant motor axon of the tergotrochanteral muscle, both elements in a specialized giant fibre pathway (King & Wyman, 1980).

  • It was somewhat surprising that the largest axon to a direct flight muscle (pa4) in Drosophila is not linked to the giant fibre pathway while a smaller axon (to muscle pa3) within the same nerve is associated with this pathway (Tanouye & King, 1983).

  • Mechanisms that determine consistent axon diameter are also unknown. The hypothesis that axon diameter is precisely adapted to provide a behaviourally appropriate conduction velocity is appealing. If this were true, the ontogenetic mechanisms which determine axon diameter must allow for differential modification of individual axons through evolution. This hypothesis is supported by the existence of giant-axon pathways mediating rapid escape reflexes in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Whether this concept will include axons which are not so extremely specialized is not yet clear.

  • Additional physiological investigation together with comparative study of homologous axons in other flies, whose relative axonal size distribution can differ from that in Drosophila (D. G. King, unpublished observations), may help resolve the significance of specific determination of motor axon size.

• Burrows, M., & Bräunig, P. (2010). Actions of motor neurons and leg muscles in jumping by planthopper insects (Hemiptera, Issidae). Journal of Comparative Neurology, 518(8), 1349-1369. ジャンプのためのCoxaの筋肉への運動神経は太い カメムシ

• eLIFE, Research Advances

• Patterson, M., Schekman, R., Watt, F. M., & Weigel, D. (2014). Scientific Publishing: Advancing research. eLife, 3, e03980.

• 昆虫の世界を小型隠しカメラで撮影

• 1080P HD P2P Wifi 超小型 動体検知 高画質隠しカメラ 長時間録画対応 防犯監視カメラ スパイカメラ 日本語取扱 iPad/iPhone/Android 対応，昆虫観察用として

• スパイカメラ Kikako 超小型 隠しカメラ 高画質 1280*720ｐ＆1920*1080ｐ可選 TVOUT 赤外線搭載 防犯カメラ 暗視撮影 監視カメラ 充電しながら撮影監視、動画、写真などあり 動作検知付き 軽量 SDカード（別売り） 日本語説明書付き (内視鏡)

• TE Saturated Phenol TE飽和フェノール

• 高度さらし粉, 粒状 （次亜塩素酸カルシウム），Chlorinated Lime, High, Granules Calcium hypochlorite for synthesis 7778-54-3 8.41799.0100 100 g 4060 8.41799.0500 500 g 6160

• Henry J. Kaiser’s exemplary record of hiring the disabled

• バンガード社のリサーチによれば、過去5年で上位20％の成績を上げたファンドマネジャーのうち、次の5年間もトップ20％にとどまったのは15.6％のみでした。逆に、46.6％は、次の5年で下位20％に落ち込むか、投信そのものが消滅してしまっています＊。

＊Harbron, G. L., Roberts, D. R., & Rowley Jr., J. J. (2017). The case for low-cost index-fund investing. Vanguard Research. [https://personal.vanguard.com/pdf/ISGIDX.pdf]

• Fayyazuddin, A., & Dickinson, M. H. (1996). Haltere afferents provide direct, electrotonic input to a steering motor neuron in the blowfly, Calliphora. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(16), 5225-5232.

  • The first basalar muscle (b1) is one of 17 small muscles in flies that control changes in wing stroke kinematics during steering maneuvers. The b1 is unique, however, in that it fires a single phase-locked spike during each wingbeat cycle. The phaselocked firing of the b1's motor neuron (mnb1) is thought to result from wingbeat-synchronous mechanosensory input, such as that originating from the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres.

  • Halteres are sophisticated equilibrium organs of flies that function to detect angular rotations of the body during flight. We have developed a new preparation to determine whether the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres are responsible for the phasic activity of b1. Using intracellular recording and mechanical stimulation, we have found one identified haltere campaniform field (dF2) that provides strong synaptic input to the mnb1. This haltere to mnb1 connection consists of a fast and a slow component. The fast component is monosynaptic, mediated by an electrical synapse, and thus can follow haltere stimulation at high frequencies. The slow component is possibly polysynaptic, mediated by a chemical synapse, and fatigues at high stimulus frequencies. Thus, the fast monosynaptic electrical pathway between haltere afferents and mnb1 may be responsible in part for the phase-locked firing of b1 during flight.

  • Introwe will present evidence that the reflex between the haltere afferents and mnb1 is monosynaptic, that it consists of both electrical and chemical synapses, and that the electrical component appears to be formed by afferents from a single haltere field.

• Fayyazuddin, A., & Dickinson, M. H. (1999). Convergent mechanosensory input structures the firing phase of a steering motor neuron in the blowfly, Calliphora. Journal of neurophysiology, 82(4), 1916-1926.

• 森君、一時感覚野でもマルチモーダルあり。領域の境界でみられることが多い。

• 「蠅たちの隠された生活」，エリカ・マカリスター

  • 受粉者としての商業価値：ハナアブはハチに次いで第2位

  • 農作物を受粉するすべての昆虫の経済的価値を推計す路と，およそ1200億ポンド，食用生産の35％

  • 蠅が多いのは，マンゴー・唐辛子・コショウ・人参・フェンネル・玉ねぎ

• PURVES, D., RUBIN, E., SNIDER, W. D., AND LICHTMAN, J. Relation of animal size to convergence, divergence, and neuronal number in peripheral sympathetic pathways. J. Neurosci. 6: 158–163, 1986.

• PURVES, D. AND HUME, R. I. The relation of postsynaptic geometry to the number of presynaptic axons that innervate autonomic ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 1: 441–452, 1981.

• Purves, D., & Lichtman, J. W. (1985). Geometrical differences among homologous neurons in mammals. Science, 228(4697), 298-302. They found a correlation between convergence and complexity of dendritic arbors in sympathetic ganglia. Conclusive comparison of this data with the theory requires establishing topographic (or some other) wiring diagram and measuring axonal arbor sizes in this system.

• Snider, W. D. (1987). The dendritic complexity and innervation of submandibular neurons in five species of mammals. Journal of Neuroscience, 7(6), 1760-1768.

• Verwer, R. W., & van Pelt, J. (1986). Descriptive and comparative analysis of geometrical properties of neuronal tree structures. Journal of neuroscience methods, 18(1-2), 179-206.

• 総長：

  • ポストトゥルース

  • 頭脳の棺桶

  • 40億、電気代

  • 責任主体が国から大学に

  • 下村 交付金に依存から脱却 財源の多様化

  • 経営資源の拡大

  • 運営から経営へ

  • 0:100 or 100:0

  • yamamori スマート農業、未来投資会議

  • 労働、資本、知識集約

  • 期待値ビジネス Bat

  • 社会的共通資本

  • パーマのほうがコスパよい

• 1兆１３００億 純資産

• 実験動物としてみた節足動物，特に神経行動学の立場から

  • このことに関連 して,A.Krogh(1874-1949; デンマー クの動物生理学者で,毛細血管の運動調 節に関する研究で1920年度のノーベル生理医学賞 を授賞)は1929年に発表 した論文1)で,恩師の C. Bohr(1855-1911)が述べたジョー ク ｢ある種の カメは,呼吸生理学の研究のために,創造された 動物である｣に基づいて,次のことを記述 してい る『Ihavenodoubtthatthereisquiteanumber ofanimalswhicharesimilarly"created"for specialphysiologicalpurpose,butIam afraid thatmostofthemareunknowntothemenfor whom theywere"created",andwemustapply tothezoologiststofindthemandlayourhands onthem』 Krogh,A∴TheProgressofphysiology.∫,Amer. Physiol.90:243-251,1929

  • 一方,アメリカの動物生理学の泰斗 C.L.Prosser (1973)は,無脊椎動物 を実験材料にした研究で, これまでに多 くの生命現象が解明されたことを指 摘 し一 例 えば,ザ リガニの体節間伸展受容器で明 らかにされた情報変換様式や感度の遠心性制御 (KufflerandEyzaguirre,1955),カブ トガニの 視細胞で発見された側方抑制 (lateralinhibition; Hartline,1959)-,実験動物 として無脊椎動物の 4 有用性 を強調する論文3)を発表 している｡このよう な考 え方は,Prosser自身の記述はないが,アウ グス ト･クロー グの原則 を肯定 していることにほ かならない｡

• "Principal of neural design"抜粋

  • Neurons that change as brains get larger. In contrast to granule cells, most other neuronal types vary in their dendritic complexity across species. In these cases the general form of the dendrite remains recognizable across species, although the addition and loss of dendritic elements can occur (Dryer and Graziadei, 1994). Typically, cell body diameter and dendritic arbor size both increase as a function of body size (and therefore of brain size) (Bok, 1959; Purves and Lichtman, 1985; Snider, 1987; Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998). Scaling of dendritic size occurs throughout the peripheral and central nervous system. Examples include sympathetic ganglion cells (Ebbesson, 1968a, 1968b; Purves and Lichtman, 1985), olfactory mitral cells 6 (Dryer and Graziadei, 1994), thalamocortical neurons (Ohara and Havton, 1994), cerebellar Purkinje neurons (Smolyaninov, 1971; Harvey and Napper, 1991), substantia nigra neurons (Yelnik et al., 1987; Tepper et al., 1994; Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998), hippocampal mossy cells (Buckmaster and Amaral, 2001), and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (Bekkers and Stevens, 1990; Buckmaster and Amaral, 2001), entorhinal cortex (Buckmaster et al., 2004), and neocortex (Barasa, 1960; Ramón y Cajal, 1995).

    • Dryer, L., & Graziadei, P. P. C. (1994). Mitral cell dendrites: a comparative approach. Anatomy and embryology, 189(2), 91-106.

  • Although dendrites are often larger and more branching in large animals, their general forms are preserved across species. In somatosensory thalamocortical projection neurons Ohara and Havton (Ohara and Havton, 1994) found in rat, cat, and macaque that total dendritic length per neuron varied, but branching parameters such as degree of bifurcation and terminal branch order were conserved. Similar conservation of dendritic branching form has been found among several neuron types of the substantia nigra in rat, macaque and human (Yelnik et al., 1987; Tepper et al., 1994; Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998) and in frog, rat and cat motoneurons (Dityatev et al., 2001). This conservation of branch patterning suggests that dendrites grow according to shared developmental mechanisms.

  • A case study: sympathetic neurons. A particularly well-studied case of dendritic diversity is that of autonomic ganglion cells. These neurons are unusual in that they have only one axonal input per dendrite. Scaling principles in these neurons have been investigated extensively (Ebbesson, 1968a, 1968b; Forehand, 1985; Purves and Lichtman, 1985; Purves et al., 1986; Snider, 1987; Ivanov and Purves, 1989). Purves and colleagues made a number of correlative measurements in five mammals ranging in body size (and target size, in this case the eyeball) from mouse to rabbit. They found 7 that the number of sympathetic neurons increased with body size, but did not maintain proportionality. However, they also found that sympathetic neurons from larger-sized animals have more dendrites (Purves and Lichtman, 1985) and larger cell bodies (Snider, 1987). Increases in dendrite number are matched one-to-one by increases in the number of innervating axons: a neuron with no dendrites or one dendrite typically has one input, one with two dendrites two inputs, and so on (Lichtman and Purves, 1980; Lichtman et al., 1980; Purves and Hume, 1981; Hume and Purves, 1983; Forehand, 1985; Purves and Lichtman, 1985). They suggested that in the sympathetic periphery, the number of dendrites, by modulating competition among the axons innervating the same neuron, determines the number of inputs. Thus cell number and dendritic complexity may both provide ways to match target size with the total amount of central drive (Purves, 1988). The fact that scaling occurs at these different stages of processing suggests that adaptations that match a neural system to target size can be distributed over multiple steps of the neural pathway.

  • 2. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: SCALING AND BIOPHYSICS OF DENDRITE DIAMETER Dendrites vary not only in form but also in diameter along their length. Variations in dendritic diameter are important determinants of both electrical signaling properties and transport properties (Hillman, 1979). These functions may therefore play a critical role in optimizing the shape of dendrites. As dendrites become larger and more branched, voltage signals traverse a longer distance before reaching the cell body and therefore may be affected more by the filtering properties of the dendritic membrane. These properties are determined by the diameter of the dendrite. In 8 wider dendrites, passive signals are attenuated less, and both passive spread and active propagation are faster (Rall, 1977). Because of this relationship between diameter and signaling properties, the form of a dendrite might be shaped in part by its signal integration requirements (Purves and Lichtman, 1985; Bekkers and Stevens, 1990; Olsen et al., 1996). Indeed, dendrites do show great variability in diameter scaling. At one extreme is no scaling, in which dendrites are of similar diameter regardless of length. This trend would be sufficient to support signaling in short dendrites, where passive losses are minimal; or in active dendrites, assuming negligible conduction delays. At the other extreme are dendrites whose thickness increases as the square of total dendrite length. This scaling would tend to conserve the amount of passive attenuation along the length of the dendrite. These forms of dendritic scaling, as well as intermediate cases, have been observed across species and are discussed below. The type of scaling that occurs plays a key role in the properties of signal integration by the dendrite as a whole.

Non-scaling dendrites. Non-scaling (constant diameter across species) dendrites have been observed in neurons of the pars reticulata and pars lateralis of the substantia nigra (Yelnik et al., 1987); reviewed by (Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998). In these neurons, soma diameter and dendritic length are larger in humans than in macaques, but dendrite thickness is about the same. Such a lack of scaling suggests that in these neurons, input location does not influence integration by postsynaptic summation mechanisms (Bekkers and Stevens, 1990). This would occur if, for instance, information processing in these neurons were dominated by regenerative events in dendrites or the cell body. 9 Constant-diameter dendrites would also be expected in neurons that receive input from only one axon per dendrite, such as cerebellar granule cells. In these neurons, summation occurs at the cell body, and a single input may be sufficient to cause the cell to fire. In this situation small dendrites might be favored as a means of reducing capacitance and therefore the energy cost of changes in membrane voltage. This comparative measurement has not been done (though note the apparent similarity of traced dendritic thickness across species in another cell type with one input per dendrite, superior cervical ganglion cells (Purves and Lichtman, 1985)). Another case in which dendritic diameter is approximately constant is hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells (Bekkers and Stevens, 1990). In a comparison of human and cat, principal dendritic shafts measured at the midpoint of the arbor were of similar diameter. More detailed measurements in macaque and rat show that dentate gyrus granule cells (St. John et al., 1997) have similar total dendritic length, somatic area, and passive electrical properties, but somewhat different action potential widths. A modest increase in the vertical extent of dendrites occurs in larger animals (St. John et al., 1997).

Isoelectrotonic scaling. At the other extreme of scaling, Bekkers and Stevens reported that dendrites might vary in an electrotonically conservative fashion across species (cat vs. human) in the apical dendritic shafts of CA1 pyramidal neurons. These main shafts were substantially thicker in human than in cat. They proposed that dendritic diameter scaled up as the square of dendrite length in order to preserve the electrotonic distance from the cell body to the ends of the dendrites. This would be consistent with a more passive summation process in apical dendrites. Thickening of dendrites also argues against active processes, since active 10 amplification in a thicker process would add to the energy cost without contributing to signal integration properties. The measurements of Bekkers and Stevens were made at a single site halfway up the apical dendrite. However, the scaling of apical dendrites would not necessarily be true of basal dendrites, which in rat can generate local regenerative voltage events (Polsky et al., 2004). Even within the apical dendrite, regenerative spike-like events can be induced in distal dendrites (Golding et al., 2002) and plateau potentials can be induced in both distal and oblique dendrites (Cai et al., 2004). Dendritic action potentials may serve multiple functions, including the propagation of signals to guide associative plasticity (Hebb, 1949; Brown et al., 1988; Raymond et al., 1996; Malenka and Nicoll, 1999), reset excitability (Hausser et al., 2001), and even drive secretory events (Lledo et al., 1998). These possibilities suggest the need for measurements of dendritic diameter at multiple sites, and correlation with physiological observations. Scaling of dendrite diameter with length has also been studied over the lifetime of an individual as it grows (Huxley, 1932). Isoelectrotonic growth has been observed in the medial giant interneuron of the cricket, in which passive membrane integrative properties are preserved even as the organism increases sevenfold in length and the dendrite increases 2.6-fold in length (Hill et al., 1994). Isoelectrotonic scaling is also observed in some retinal ganglion cells in the rainbow trout (Picones et al., 2003). In both of these examples, the relative efficacies of synapses on different locations of the arbor are preserved independent of the size or pattern of their dendritic arbor.

Intermediate scaling. Intermediate cases of scaling of dendritic diameter have also been observed. In type I neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, the maximal dendrite length is 11 progressively larger from rat to macaque to human (Yelnik et al., 1987; Tepper et al., 1994; Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998). However, diameters scale up only linearly (isometrically) with dendrite length, insufficient to preserve electrotonic properties (Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998). In these cases conservation of electrotonic function would require additional scaling of channel density and the balance and distribution of channels (Kötter and Feizelmeier, 1998). Isometric scaling of dendrites has also been observed during growth of the lateral giant interneuron of crayfish (Edwards et al., 1994; Hill et al., 1994) and in some retinal ganglion cells in the rainbow trout (Picones et al., 2003). Isometric scaling may represent a case in which the exact integrative properties of dendrites are not critical to the neuron’s function.

Other biophysical constraints. Preservation of electrotonic properties is not the only possible explanation for the scaling of dendritic diameters. Dendrites are also conduits for the transport of materials along their length. As a result they may be under pressure to move material efficiently. Evidence for this comes from the observation that when a dendrite branches, the daughter branches are smaller in diameter than the parent branch (Lux et al., 1970; Barrett and Crill, 1974a, 1974b; Hillman, 1979). Daughter branches d1, d2 and the parent diameter D approximately observe the relationship d1 N + d2 N = DN , where N ranges from 1.5 to 2. An exponent of N=2 indicates preservation of cross-sectional area before and after a branch point, a condition that would preserve per-area rates of transport; this has been seen in pyramidal and Purkinje cells (Hillman, 1979). An exponent of N=1.5 is consistent with preservation of charge and has been approximately observed in motoneurons (Lux et al., 1970; Barrett and Crill, 1974a, 1974b; Hillman, 1979). In any case, this range of exponents corresponds to a fairly narrow range of branching ratios; for symmetric bifurcations, exponents between 1.5 and 2 correspond to a daughter branch being 0.63-0.71 times as wide as its parent. 12 This branching may contribute to observations of diameter scaling. If in CA1 pyramidal neurons the branching depth (number of branch points between soma and dendritic tips) depends on the arbor diameter and the terminal tip diameter is constant, then the diameter at the midpoint of the arbor would have to be larger in human pyramidal neurons, which are more elaborate and have more branches than their counterparts in smaller-brained mammals. Thus, dendritic diameter scales in two ways: (a) across species, at a defined location, diameter is either constant or scales up as a function of arbor size, and (b) within an individual arbor, with successive branching, diameter decreases. Taken together, these phenomena suggest that scaling of dendrite diameter is related to dendrite-specific mechanisms for establishing a branched architecture. If the size of the smallest dendritic structures is conserved, variations in diameter may regulate the total size of the arbor and thus the degree of synaptic convergence (Purves, 1988; Chklovskii, 2000). Dendrite diameter also affects cable and electrical signaling properties (Purves, 1988; Bekkers and Stevens, 1990) and may be optimized for efficient transport of materials (West et al., 1997; Banavar et al., 1999). The fact that a dendrite must carry out all of these functions suggests that scaling of dendritic diameter may result from the competing influence of these needs.

A constant underlying unit: the single synapse? Even when dendrites vary, their components might still remain constant if function is optimized locally. Examples of local function include chemical signals such as synaptic transmission and second messenger signaling, and cell biological phenomena such as vesicle trafficking and secretion. One neuronal structure at which all of these functions occur is the synapse. In the mammalian neocortex, the total density of synapses per unit volume is remarkably constant both among functional areas and 13 species (Schüz and Demianenko, 1995; reviewed in Harrison et al., 2002). Thus, on average, the amount of volume available to a bouton-plus-spine may be relatively constant across species. This raises the possibility of synaptic constancy: single presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals of a given type may be similar in size across species, and be optimized in a way that is independent of overall brain size. This question has not been fully investigated.

• Chklovskii, D. B. (2000). Optimal sizes of dendritic and axonal arbors in a topographic projection. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83(4), 2113-2119.

  • Analytical results for one-dimensional and two-dimensional projections can be summarized qualitatively in the following rule: neurons of the sparser layer should have arbors wider than those of the denser layer. This agrees with the anatomic data for retinal, cerebellar, olfactory bulb, and neocortical neurons the morphology and connectivity of which are known. The rule may be used to infer connectivity of neurons from their morphology.

  • Purves and co-workers (Purves and Hume 1981; Purves and Lichtman 1985; Purves et al. 1986) have previously reported empiric observations which may be relevant to the present theory. They found a correlation between convergence and complexity of dendritic arbors in sympathetic ganglia. Conclusive comparison of this data with the theory requires establishing topographic (or some other) wiring diagram and measuring axonal arbor sizes in this system.

• Pannese, E. (2015). III. Shape and Size of Neurons. In Neurocytology (pp. 13-23). Springer, Cham.

  • The body size of homologous neurons innervating the periphery is usually greater in large animals than in small ones (Hardesty 1902 ; see also Purves 1988 ). This size difference is probably due to the fact that the extent of the peripheral field innervated by a given type of neuron is usually greater in large animals. It is also true that certain types of nerve cell whose axon is confined to the CNS and which do not therefore have direct connections with the periphery [e.g., pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex (Fig. IV.4) and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex (Fig. IV.5)] have larger bodies in large animals than in small ones. Here, too, the size difference is probably related to varying extent of the field innervated by the axon.

  • The correlation between the size of a nerve cell body and the extent of the fi eld innervated by its axon may explain why, in some species, neurons enormously larger than most of the others are present. Such neurons in fact innervate particularly large fi elds (e.g., Mauthner cells, Rohon- Beard cells, neurons innervating the electric organs of certain fi sh). The size and complexity of the dendritic tree also increase with the animal size (Barasa 1960 ; Purves and Lichtman 1985 ; Snider 1987

• Faunes, M., Francisco Botelho, J., Ahumada Galleguillos, P., & Mpodozis, J. (2015). On the hodological criterion for homology. Frontiers in neuroscience, 9, 223.

  • The problem of which homology criteria to choose is perhaps particularly complicated in the field of neuroscience. The structural complexity of the nervous system and its interactions with sensory and motor organs offer multiple possible criteria, and in more than a few instances different criteria disagree (Campbell and Hodos, 1970). This means that anatomical, embryological, physiological, and behavioral features are not always conserved together. For example, in different animals, neurons can have similar connectivity (or hodology), neurochemistry and function but display different morphologies and ion channel densities (e.g., Purves and Lichtman, 1985; Marder and Goaillard, 2006) or develop from different embryonic precursors (e.g., Glover, 2001). In the same way, similar behaviors can be conserved despite changes in the underlying neural circuits (e.g., Newcomb et al., 2012).

• Hume, R. I., & Purves, D. (1981). Geometry of neonatal neurones and the regulation of synapse elimination. Nature, 293(5832), 469.

  • the geometry of neonatal neurones influences the competitive interaction between the several axons that initially innervate the same cell. This finding in turn implies that an important function of dendrites is to regulate the number of different axons that ultimately innervate each neurone.

  • Neonatal ganglion cells that lacked dendrites altogether were innervated by about as many different axons as the most geometrically complex cells

• Wang, I. E., & Clandinin, T. R. (2016). The influence of wiring economy on nervous system evolution. Current Biology, 26(20), R1101-R1108.

  • Homologous neuron types have different morphologies among species, with a general trend toward increasing complexity in larger nervous systems [9,24]

    • 9: Bullmore, E., and Sporns, O. (2012). The economy of brain network organization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 336–349.

    • 24: Jacobs, B., Johnson, N.L., Wahl, D., Schall, M., Maseko, B.C., Lewandowski, A., Raghanti, M.A., Wicinski, B., Butti, C., Hopkins, W.D., et al. (2014). Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates. Front Neuroanat. 8, 24.

      • Dendritic segment count (DSC), dendritic tortuosity (Tor),

      • Figure 13. Sholl analyses of five neuron types. arranged by taxonomic groupings (afrotherians: elephant and manatee; carnivores: tiger and clouded leopard; cetartiodactyls: humpback whale and giraffe; and primates: human and chimpanzee), indicating relative dendritic complexity of branching patterns.

  • For example, Purkinje cells in jawless fish, the most basal of extant vertebrates, possess only a few dendritic branches while those in mammals boast thousands of processes [10,25].

  • Processes are costly both in maintenance of their extensive membranes and in the developmental instructions necessary to pattern and connect them [7,26,27]. We therefore expect that as morphological complexity increases, so should the selective pressure to reduce resource consumption, resulting in axonal and dendritic patterns that emphasize efficient wiring of the network [7,5,11–13,28].

  • These simulations argue that complex neuronal morphologies increase the efficiency of larger networks, but they are presumably costly to construct. Therefore, in small organisms where neurons do not require branching processes and dendritic spines to achieve optimal connectivity, one might expect morphological simplicity.

  • Similarly, while most of the 100,000 neurons in D. melanogaster lack dendritic spines, several lines of evidence suggest that the lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) of the optic lobe have structures morphologically and molecularly similar to spines [36]

• 英語論文・査読表現集：https://staff.aist.go.jp/a.ohta/japanese/study/Review_ex1.htm

• Bullock, T. H. (1984). Comparative neuroscience holds promise for quiet revolutions. Science, 225(4661), 473-478.

• Bullock, T. H. (2000). Revisiting the concept of identifiable neurons. Brain, behavior and evolution, 55(5), 236-240.

• Palka, J., Lawrence, P. A., & Hart, H. S. (1979). Neural projection patterns from homeotic tissue of Drosophila studied in bithorax mutants and mosaics. Developmental biology, 69(2), 549-575.

  • DCF, dorsal crossing fiber; MT, medial tuft; LT, Lateral tuft; DLS, dorsal crossing fibers

• エクセルでニューラル・ネットワークを実現する

• バイオ系だけどプログラミング始めました ImageJ （Fiji）の使い方や Python でのプログラミングなどを、主にバイオ系の研究者・大学院生向けに書いていこうと思います。ImageJ Fiji + Python で画像解析プログラムを書こう（前編）

• 澤田明子（2010）「健康と病いの語り」データベース．日本保険医療行動科学会年報．25：2010.6

• 佐藤(佐久間)りか. (2008). 「患者体験」 を映像と音声で伝える~「健康と病いの語り」 データベース (DIPEx) の理念と実践. 情報管理, 51(5), 307-320.

• 消防用機器等の国際動向への対応に関する調査検討事業に係わる資料文献調査事業 最終報告書 平成 24 年 3 月 消防庁予防課

• Memarzadeh, F. "Methodology for optimization of laboratory hood containment-volumes I and II." Bethesda, MD: Division of Engineering Services, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health. Google Scholar (1996).

June 2018

• 甦る巨人 サティア・ナデラのMicrosoft

• Kansas State University, Office of Educational Innovation and Evaluation (OEIE)，As part of the NSF grant the Research in Disabilities Education Synthesis Project (RDE-SP) received, the RDE-SP team compiled a technical report summarizing evaluations, research, and surveys performed during the project period.

  • 1950年発足当初から，NSFはSTEMのプログラム推進

  • この40年で障害者の高等教育進出が増えた．

    • Belch, H.A. (2004). Retention and Students with Disabilities. Journal of College Student Retention, 6(1), 3-22.

    • Strange, C. (2000). Creating Environments of Ability. New Directions for Student Services, 2000(91), p. 19-30

    • Vogel, S.A., Holt, J.K., Sligar, S., & Leake, E. (2008). Assessment of Campus Climate to Enhance Student Success. Journal of Postsecondary Education & Disability, 21(1), p. 15-30

  • この30年で劇的な上昇

    • American Youth Policy Forum and Center on Education Policy (2002). Twenty-Five Years of Educating Children with Disabilities: The Good News and the Work Ahead. Retrieved 2011 January 25 from: http://www.aypf.org/publications_ed.pdf

    • National Center for Education Statistics (2007). The Condition of Education, 2007. US Department of Education: Washington, DC. Retrieved 2010 January 25 from: http://nces.ed.gov/help/orderinfo.asp

  • 90年から09年でおよそ2倍

    • 1990年は3.5%，2009年では6.2%，Samuels, 2011，Samuels, C. (2011 January 30). More Students with Disabilities Attending College, Volunteering. Education Week. Retrieved 2011 January 30 from: http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/speced/2010/11/more_students_with_disabilitie.html

  • 障害学生は，学位をとらずに去ることも多い．

    • Belch, H.A. (2004)

    • Nutter, K.J. and Ringgenberg, L.J. (1993). Creating Positive Outcomes for Students with Disabilities. New Directions for Student Services, 1993(64), p. 45-58.

    • Wolanin, T.R. & Steele, P.E. (2004). Higher Education Opportunities for Students with Disabilities: A Primer for Policy Makers. Retrieved 2008 August 6 from: http://tools.isovera.com/organizations.php3?action=printContentItem&orgid=104&typeID=906&itemID=9292&User_Session=7afe1d71f1bab8459c0dc15e5ea5f9fe

    • U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999). Students with disabilities in postsecondary education: A profile of preparation participation, and outcomes. (NCES Publication No 1999–187). Retrieved Aug 19 2008 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=1999187

  • National Task Force on Women, Minorities and the Handicapped in Science and Technology (1987-1990)は，障害者が著しくUnderrepresentedと報告．

    • さらに米政府に対し，障害者を対象としたリクルート，訓練，職の持続性を進めることを提案．

  • NSF Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering (CEOSE)が障害者の施策を行ってきた（Internal Task force）．NSFのディレクターに障害者の科学工学への参加を増やすことを提言．

  • NSFが1991年に障害者のためのプログラム”The Program for Persons with Disabilities”を開始．”The purpose of the PPD was to support innovative projects designed to recruit, train, retain and move students with disabilities into graduate training and careers in these disciplines”

  • 1992年，最初のAwardはワシントン大学．障害をもつ高校生に科学・工学のハンズオンの体験実習を行った．学部生が科学工学のメジャーを専攻するためのアコモデーション．後のDO-IT．

  • 2001年のPPDプログラムアナウンスメント

    • 科学と数学を教える新しい手法の開発

    • 障害学生の能力とニーズについての認知とアウェアネスを高める

    • 教材・学習方法のアクセシビリティと妥当性を促進

    • メンタリングソースの増加

  • 2つの大学プロジェクトが高校から大学への進学を支援：DO-ITとニューメキシコ大学（RASEM）．RASEMは，のちのRegional Allianceのベースとなる．

  • 名称変更：Research in Disabilities Education（RDE）2002年

    • Goal: "To broaden the participation and achievement of people with disabilities in all field of STEM education."

    • RDE-DEI STEM学習の経験，情報や教育手法の周知・普及

    • RDE-FRI 支援技術，教育におけるテクノロジーの利用

    • RDE-RAD アライアンス エビデンスベースの実践を行うため

      • SRI International (2007). Evaluation options for the Research in Disabilities Education Program: A final report. Arlington, VA: SRI International

      • SRI International (2009). Research in Disabilities Education Program Evaluation: Study 2 Methods and Results.

• ヨーク大学ＳＰＲＵ，１８カ国における障害者雇用政策，：レビュー No.10．パトリシア・ソーントン、ネイル・ラント，ヨーク大学社会政策研究所

• Reasonable Accommodations for Individuals with Disabilities,NSF

  • NSFにおいて合理的配慮を管理する部署

• Without inclusion, diversity initiatives may not be enough. Focus on minority experiences in STEM, not just numbers. "widespread and underacknowledged disconnect between initiatives aimed at increasing diversity in academic and professional institutions and the experience of URM students (including many of us authors)"

  • Moss-Racusin, C. A., van der Toorn, J., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2014). Scientific diversity interventions. Science, 343(6171), 615-616.

    • S. J. Ceci, W. M. Williams, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 3157 (2011). 3. D. K. Ginther et al. Science 333, 1015 (2011) ダイバーシティが変化しない複数の要因．

    • 以下2つ，アカデミアにおいてバイアスがすべての段階で存在することが一因．C. A. Moss-Racusin et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 16474 (2012)

    • D. K. Ginther et al. Science 333, 1015 (2011).

  • Kalev, Dobbin (2006) Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. Am.Soc. Rev. 71, 589 (2006).

• C. K. Lai, K. M. Hoffman, B. A. Nosek, Soc. Person. Psychol. Compass 7, 315 (2013). Evidence suggests that academic scientists express “implicit” biases ( 4)

• Scientists with Disabilities: Project Team Meet the Scientists with Disabilities team and advisory board. Science History Institute

  • the Science History Institute scholarly research is conducted and shared by staff and visiting fellows. We conduct oral history interviews, examine museum objects, study library collections, present our research to a variety of audiences, and develop models for digital, oral history, and public-history communities.

• What do we do with the staggering number of Disabled Veterans?

  • It is interesting to find out that the total number of service members who were in Iraq or Afghanistan was over 2.5 million Marines, Sailors, Soldiers, Airmen and National Guardsmen. Of those, nearly 6,600 were killed and over 770,000 have filed disability claims. That means that roughly 45 percent of all veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan believe they are disabled. イラク戦争・アフガニスタン紛争で250万人のうち，77万人がDisabilityを要求（45%）．この数字は湾岸戦争やベトナム戦争の時よりも高い．障害の定義が20年前とは変わったことによる．when a service man lost a limb, but now, problems stemming from diabetes and sleep apnea, just to list two examples, are basis for disabled veterans claims.

• Individualized Education Programs (個別支援計画)：特別支援教育を受ける生徒の支援計画．

  • DO-ITの定義：The Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) is a plan or program developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the law and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives specialized instruction and related services.

  • 504の定義：The 504 Plan is a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the law and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment.

  • 支援が必要な学生はIDEAに従って，IEPが作られる．

• 1973年リハビリテーション法：

• CATEA http://barrier-free.arch.gatech.edu/work.php バリアフリーラボ推薦

• 米国の障害者差別禁止法等の障害者福祉法制に関する現地調査報告書（2016） 日本弁護士連合会 人権擁護委員会 障がいを理由とする差別禁止法制に関する特別部会

  • P53：アクセス委員会とはリハビリテーション法に基づいて設立された連邦政府機関であり，アクセシビリティの基準を定めている。この基準は司法省に採用されると法的拘束力を持つ。建物等ハード面についての基準については法的拘束力があるが，ソフト面についてはまだ法的拘束力がないものもある。この基準設定は非常に技術的かつ詳細で，例えば，ランプの角度やドアの大きさ，テーブルの高さ，ベッドの柵などの細かな部分についてもカバーされている。アクセス委員会は，そのウェブサイト（http://www.access-board.gov/） に基準を開示し，当事者団体等からの意見を受け付ける仕組みをとってい る6。

  • 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design

• The Safety of Laboratory Workers with Disabilities, The Royal Society of Chemistry

• 理工系分野における女性活躍の推進を目的とした関係国の社会制度・人材育成等に関する比較・分析調査報告書（平成29年4月）４．理工系教育（STEM 教育）に関する各国取組の整理と我が国への示唆

  • ４．理工系教育（STEM 教育）に関する各国取組の整理と我が国への示唆

• Souman, J. L., Frissen, I., Sreenivasa, M. N., & Ernst, M. O. (2009). Walking straight into circles. Current Biology, 19(18), 1538-1542.

  • ぐるぐる，まっすぐ進むのは難しい．

• アクセッシビリティチェックロボット，建物内を巡回し，アクセシビリティを調査．車椅子を想定した車輪タイプ，お掃除ロボット，セコムセキュリティロボットと連携

• Octopuses are not aliens, but boy are they a bunch of beautiful weirdos A new paper raises an old, contentious idea.

• Steele, E. J., Al-Mufti, S., Augustyn, K. A., Chandrajith, R., Coghlan, J. P., Coulson, S. G., ... & Louis, G. (2018). Cause of Cambrian Explosion-Terrestrial or cosmic?. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

• Noldus Information Technology: https://www.noldus.com/blog/tag/insect-behavior

• Open Neuroscience，COMPUTER VISION AND MOTION TRACKING SOFTWARE

• Bio-Tracking

• Vibration analysis 1.0

• トランスデューサー，Bruel & Kiaer, Beyond Measure

• 「振動モータを動かす」@youtube

• コイン型振動モーター 日本電産コパル @モノタロウ

• バイブレーターのための携帯電話の振動モーター @アリババ

• 振動モーター，CL-0614-13103-3，せんごくネット通販，千石電商オンラインショップ

• 振動モータ，日本電産株式会社，

• IoTを使ってトイレを監視！電子工作でトイレが使用中かチェックする仕組みを作ってみた．

  • Milkcocoa IoTデバイス・スマートフォン・PC間で簡単にリアルタイムなデータのやり取りが出来るようになるクラウドプラットフォーム

• ESP8266と明るさセンサーでトイレ監視,2017/9/6,Qiita, パソコンに繋ぐ，

• Arduinoで始めるWeb技術者のためのIoT入門

• バイオハッカー用実験器具

• Make: サイエンス

• 8 biotech project Arduino Project Hub

• Open Source Toolkit A global forum for open source hardware and software research and applications

• Janne Kool "How to use deep-learning to quantify pollinator behavior I", Towards Data Science

• Startup aims to transform the lives of the disabled with assistive open-source tech

• エスコアール，福祉型企業．さまざまな教材・自助具

• How makerspaces can be more accessible to people with disabilities

• "In the making", An AHRC Connected Communities project exploring digital fabrication and disability

• Taylor, Nick, Ursula Hurley, and Philip Connolly. "Making community: the wider role of makerspaces in public life." Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2016.

• The Makerspace Workbench

• 「Unityから振動モータを制御してみる」 http://takahi5.hatenablog.com/entry/2014/06/07/073258

• 「【触覚・触感】振動モータを触ってみた。」

• 「リニア振動アクチュエータを試す」

• スマートフォンが振動する仕組み＠分析の記録．https://analysis-record.blogspot.com/2017/05/smartphones-vibration-mechanism.html

• はじめての電子工作超入門，第11回 Arduinoでモーターを制御する！（その１）モーターの基本を勉強してみる

• 「モバイルバッテリーでArduinoとモーターを動かす」，株式会社ポリ・スタジオ

• ，ｂ

• 「DCモータを動かす（モータドライバ使用）」，hiramine.com

·

• 「８．Arduinoの動作構成」，Arduino総合情報サイト

• 「Adduinoの入出力の通信」，Arduinoで遊ぶページ

• Instructable

• Designing for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Advancing full spectrum housing' Designing for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

• Open Labware

  • Baden, T., Chagas, A. M., Gage, G., Marzullo, T., Prieto-Godino, L. L., & Euler, T. (2015). Open Labware: 3-D printing your own lab equipment. PLoS biology, 13(3), e1002086.

  • Gathering for Open Science Hardware

· Open Plant Electrophysiology

• • • Electronics I: Board Design

• • OpenPlant Synthetic Biology Research Centre.

  • Open Labware for plant electrophysiology

• Monitoring Solitary Bees Using Open Technology, Arduino blog

• エコーロケーションする機器

  • For decades, the blind have used canes to get around. Now a special wristband gives them a 'sixth sense.' Sunu Band

  • The BuzzClip by iMerciv Inc.

  • Feel The World Around You，音を触覚で身体に伝えるスーツ？

• TelePOC，マイハギコミュニケーションサイト

• 京都大学放射性同位元素総合センター生物学部門 角山研究室

• DIY MUSCLE SENSOR / EMG CIRCUIT FOR A MICROCONTROLLER

• Controlling A Roomba Robot With Arduino And Android Device-ARDUINO-AND-SERV/

• Siv3DでWiiリモコンを使う

• 【Unity】ゲームパッドを振動させてみる

• パワーアンプICを使ったステレオアンプの製作

• Accessible Course Materials, Swarthmore College, Academic Advising & Support.

• Touch Development Kit, ultrahaptics

• ハプトグラフィー：触覚をデジタル化する，キャサリン・クーヒェンベッカー

• 一般社団法人ICTリハビリテーション研究会

• Ultrahaptics Technical Whitepaper A whitepaper on Ultrahaptics Touchless Haptic Feedback technology

• 愛知県一宮市 バリアフリーパソコンサポート まほろば

• 清水健吾, 大村基将, 島袋舞子, & 兼宗進. (2016). Arduino を利用した筋電測定システムの提案. 研究報告コンピュータと教育 (CE), 2016(7), 1-6.

• 技術トピックスセンシング技術の農業応用に関する調査研究，新潟県工業技術総合研究所

• GlueMotor グルーモーター

• Smartphoneサーボ@Make:

• プチロボS2＠共立電子の店エレショップ

• Arduino driving a vibrating motor... @ youtube

• Tutorial: Haptic Feedback using Music and Audio

• HAPTIC FEEDBACK EVALUATION KIT, Precision Microderives: Manufacturing Miniature Motors & Mechanisms On time & to specification. DOCUMENTS AND RESOURCES FOR THE HAPTIC FEEDBACK EVALUATION KIT

• Arduino DC Motor Control Tutorial

• Audio to servo @ youtube

• バイブモーター(円盤形 振動モーター)の使い方 [Arduino] @プチモンテ

• バイブレーションモーターの使い方 [Arduino]

• Yoshihara, M., & Yoshihara, M. (2018). ‘Necessary and sufficient’in biology is not necessarily necessary–confusions and erroneous conclusions resulting from misapplied logic in the field of biology, especially neuroscience. Journal of neurogenetics.

• The phrase ‘necessary and sufficient’ blamed for flawed neuroscience Muddled language can lead scientists in the wrong direction, neurobiologists claim.

• ヴィクトール・フランクル（Viktor Emil Frankl），創造価値，体験価値，態度価値

• ぶるなび，振動，http://www.kecl.ntt.co.jp/human/burunavi/

• Haptics Technologies Texas Instruments

• 触感デバイス体感モジュール”ADTED”，アマゾン

• NATUREJOBS | NATUREJOBS BLOG Science communication: Engaging data to engage people Sonification DNA

• 2017/8/05 ＠ 京都大学 参考資料 「ユニバーサルデザインの授業づくり」 福岡教育大学大学院教育学研究科 教職大学院 納富 恵子

• Haptivity® 京セラ

• 白神翔太, 木下雄一朗, & 郷健太郎. (2016). スマートフォンにおける多様な振動フィードバックがユーザの印象に与える影響 (特集論文 感性と感情: 計測・評価・モデル化とその応用). ヒューマンインタフェース学会論文誌 The transactions of Human Interface Society, 18(1), 403-414.

• NHKエンジニアリング，図やグラフを伝える触角提示技術

• 清水ら（2015）視覚障害者向け触覚ディスプレーによる振動提示技術と力覚誘導提示技術．NHK技研．

• 視覚障害者のテキスト理解における図の役割，視覚部一般教育等加藤宏

• 吉本（平成24年）触覚情報の多重化提示．大阪大学大学院

• 振動するデバイスが音楽聴取時の印象に与える効果 筑波大学博士論文

  • 聴覚と触覚の相互作用として，聴覚単体では知覚できない音を聞きながら，人差し指に振動が加えられることで主観的に音が大きく感じられる現象が報告されている．（Gillmeistera & Eimer, 2007）

  • 音のピッチやリズムを触覚で伝えることで，自分が出した音のピッチ情報を精確に認知して修正したり，リズムを補助する可能性．例えば小型モータを用いて盲ろう者に対する楽曲提示．佐々木ら2013．

• 篠田（2007）人のように触れる．VRとMEMS技術．JVRSJ 200Hz，1kHzもと言われている（引用なし）

• 触覚ジョグダイアル (TAJODA)

• ふるえ言葉のはじまり，触覚を伝えるふるえ言葉（身体貫通錯覚を使ったコミュニケーション）

• 振動フィードバックデバイス ハプティック® リアクタ，後ろからの車を知らせる Nintendo SwitchのHD振動にはアルプス電気の「ハプティック リアクタ」が使われてる？ JoyConMMLPlayerEtude＠麗の小屋ソフトウェア，Nintendo Switchのコントローラー、JoyCon/ProConのHD振動を使ってMMLを再生するソフトウェア

• Nintendo Switch Reverse Engineering, Nintendo Switchのリバースエンジニアリング

• Music Macro Language（ミュージック・マクロ・ランゲージ）

• 触覚ミドルウェア https://www.cri-mw.co.jp/product/smartphone/haptix/index.html

• 触原色 (Haptic Primary Colors)，舘研究室

• 現在、植物の活動電位を研究に利用している方はいませんか？ 質問者： 高校生 八名川 登録番号3720 登録日：2017-04-03

• 山浦逸雄（2000）人と植物の新世紀，前編，電気で植物を測るという試み．

• 山浦逸雄（2001）人と植物の新世紀，中編，電気で植物を測るという試み．

• 山浦逸雄（2001）人と植物の新世紀，後編，電気で植物を測るという試み．

• Haptic Motor Driver Hook-Up Guide

• eSensor リンクジャパン，5つのセンサーで部屋の環境を“見える化”温度、湿度、照度、音、空気質の5つのセンサーで環境を計測、室内の状態を確認することができます。

• Gierad Laput, Yang Zhang, and Chris Harrison. 2017. Synthetic Sensors: Towards General-Purpose Sensing. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3986-3999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025773

• Synthetic sensors

• Furenexo

• How to make a smart cane for the visually impaired with Arduino

• Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education: Background, Federal Policy, and Legislative Action, Congressional research service (議会調査局, 1970年からアメリカ議会図書館に置かれる立法補佐機関)

  • There is growing concern that the United States is not preparing a sufficient number of students, teachers, and practitioners in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). A large majority of secondary school students fail to reach proficiency in math and science, and many are taught by teachers lacking adequate subject matter knowledge.アメリカでSTEM分野の人材が減っている．学生がSTEM分野の適正を欠いた状態．

  • When compared to other nations, the math and science achievement of U.S. pupils and the rate of STEM degree attainment appear inconsistent with a nation considered the world leader in scientific innovation. In a recent international assessment of 15-year-old students, the U.S. ranked 28th in math literacy and 24th in science literacy. Moreover, the U.S. ranks 20th among all nations in the proportion of 24-year-olds who earn degrees in natural science or engineering.

  • A 2005 study by the Government Accountability Office found that 207 distinct federal STEM education programs were appropriated nearly $3 billion in FY2004. Nearly three-quarters of those funds and nearly half of the STEM programs were in two agencies: the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.

  • Still, the study concluded that these programs are highly decentralized and require better coordination. Though uncovering many fewer individual programs, a 2007 inventory compiled by the American Competitiveness Council also put the federal STEM effort at $3 billion and concurred with many of the GAO findings regarding decentralization and coordination.

  • STEM education (and competitiveness) issues have received a lot of attention in recent years. Several high-profile proposals were forwarded by the academic and business communities. In February of 2006, the President released the American Competitiveness Initiative. During the 109th Congress, three somewhat modest STEM education programs were passed and signed into law. Finally, in the spring and summer of 2007, some of the major STEM education legislative proposals were combined into the America Competes Act of 2007, passed by the 110th Congress and signed by the President on August 9, 2007.

  • This report provides the background and context to understand these legislative developments. The report first presents data on the state of STEM education in the United States. It then examines the federal role in promoting STEM education. The report concludes with a discussion of the legislative actions recently taken to address federal STEM education policy.

• DRV2605でLRAを動かす

• Finalizing a No-Harm, Dragonfly Visual Neuron Recording Prep

• STEM Eds Toy in the future

• Breadboard EMG Manual

• Crisp, K. M., Lin, H., & Prosper, I. (2016). Breadboard Amplifier: Building and Using Simple Electrophysiology Equipment. Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, 14(2), A124.

• Audacity Free, open source, cross-platform audio software Audacity is an easy-to-use, multi-track audio editor and recorder for Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and other operating systems. Developed by a group of volunteers as open source

• 栗原，中野，串山，羽田（2018）電気刺激によるオジギソウの動作を利用可能にする Botanical Puppetモジュールの試作．情報処理学会インタラクション2018． IPSJ Interaction 2018

• Botanical Puppet : オジギソウの制御システム

• 風圧刺激 に対する感覚植物の活動電位の計測

• 植物の運動-オジギソウの運動を中心として- 土屋隆英

• 山田千晶, & 河野智謙. (2014). チャールズ・ダーウィン以前の植物の運動に関する知見. 北九州市立大学国際論集, (12), 201-218.

• GoPro Motion Detector

• https://cam-do.com/products/gopro-motion-detector-x-band-sensor-with-cable-for-blink

• GoPro Ultrasonic motion sensor HC-SR04 controled by Arduino

• InMotion Slider: Motion Trigger

• Blue Iris

• 【Wii分解4】リモコンも分解してみた

• Wii Motion Plus

• OpenSimulator, Wiiコントローラ．「Wii リモコン（プラス）やヌンチャクをビューアで使うことができます」「使用するソフトウェアは cwiid です。Cwiid を使うと、加速度センサー、CMOS センサー、Wii リモコンやヌンチャクの全てのボタンを設定ファイルで制御することができるようになります。使用したハードウェア： Wii リモコン 1 個、ヌンチャク 1 個、ワイヤレスセンサーバー 1 個、 Bluetooth ドングルです。」．

• Wiiヌンチャクをハックしてコントローラにする。，Wii コントローラで外部機器を操作

• Very simple adpater for hooking a Wii Nunchuck to your Arduino or other microcontroller

• “WiiChuck” Wii Nunchuck Adapter Available

• Wii ヌンチャク I2Cブレークアウトボード

• ヤェムヴィボルら（2015）モータ回転加速度を用いた振動触覚提示の周波数特性，NTR-008 （Wiiに使用されている）

• NykoからWii ワイヤレス ヌンチャク

• 梶本先生，電気通信大学，触れた感覚の記録と再生を可能とする触覚インタフェース

  • 低コスト性と高い迫真性を持った触覚提示手段が無い．

  • 心理軸として，粗滑軸，硬柔軸，乾湿軸に分けることが可能．早川智彦, 松井茂, 渡邊淳司：オノマトペを利用した触り心地の分類手法,日本バーチャルリアリティ学会論文誌, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 487-490, 2010.

  • 永野，岡本，山田：触覚的テクスチャの材質感次元構成に関する研究動向，TVRSJ2011 多数の過去の論文サーベイ等から，触感の軸を５つに分類． • Fine Roughness（細かなテクスチャ），Macro Roughness（凹凸），Hardness（柔軟感）， Friction（摩擦力に起因），Warmness（温度感覚）

  • ヤェム，岡崎，梶本：モータ回転加速度を用いた振動触覚提示の周波数特性，第20回日本バーチャルリアリティ学会（2015年9月 芝浦工業大学），2015. V. Yem, R. Okazaki and H. Kajimoto, "Vibrotactile and Pseudo Force Presentation using Motor Rotational Acceleration." Proc of IEEE HapticsSymposium, Philadelphia April 8-11th, pp. 47-51, 2016. DCモータ／回転式モータは実は理想的な振動子である．振動振幅に限界がなく，バネ成分も ないため共振特性も基本的には持たない

  • 偏心モータは駆動回路が単純であり，小型，低コスト であるという利点がある．しかし，偏心モータの振動は， 回転している錘の遠心力によって生じるため，振動の周波 数（モータの回転数）と振動の強さを独立に制御すること ができない．したがって，偏心モータは高品位な触覚フィ ードバックのためには限界があり，記号的な情報提示の目 的で多く用いられている [1][2]． これに対して，スピーカーの原理を応用した直動型振動子では振動の周波数と強さを独立に制御できる．Alps 社製 Force Reactor や TactileLabs 社製 Haptuator などが代表とし て挙げられ，リアリズムの高い振動触覚を提示するために 良く用いられている．例えば，Mizushina ら[3]はバドミン トンラケットがボールを打つ感覚を， Hashimoto ら[4]は 心臓の心拍を再現するために利用している．

• フォースフィードバック技術@アルプス電気

• 文科省，平成22年，実験施設の整備等における安全衛生対策の留意点について

• 早稲田大学における障がい学生支援の取り組みについて，発達障害の学生の困難事例３）実験・フィールドワークについて

・理工系の実験や心理系の実験演習、地質調査等のフィールドワークでグループでの活動ができない

・実験の手順や試薬を混同し、作業が危険になったり時間内に仕上がらなかったりする

（対応）個別の実験時間、実習課題を設定した。実験手順を写真にとって提示した．危険な実験の場合は、TA を個別につけた。

・教育実習、介護等実習で先方から中断依頼が来た

・グレーゾーンの学生が指導者とのコミュニケーションの齟齬でトラブルが出た

（対応）実習演習の教員に事前指導における研修をした。事務職員、教職課程担当者が先方と個別対応して理解を深めた。

· 高齢者や障がい者に適した火災警報装置に関する検討部会

· 法律：国会が定めるルール （法令の種類を知ろう②）

· 法令：法律ほか，政省令・条例・規則など．法規とほぼ同じ．明確な定義はない．

· 日本火災報知器工業会（2017）光警報装置のおすすめ

o

o 音以外の方法による火災警報としての光警報は、米国や英国等の欧米諸国で障がいのある人々への差別を禁止し社会参加を促す法律のなかで規格化されました。アジア諸国においても法令による義務化､規格等の整備が行われ普及が進みつつあります。そして2013年1月､国際標準化機構（ISO）において｢光による火災警報装置｣として国際的な規格化が行われました。国内においては、2013年、｢障害を理由とする差別の解消の推進に関する法律｣が成立、2014年、国連｢障害者権利条約｣を批准､2015年、「障害を理由とする差別の解消の推進に関する基本方針」が閣議決定され、障がい者配慮への考え方が示されました。

· 総務省，光警報装置の設置に係るガイドライン

· 「合理的配慮指針事例集 【第二版】 」（厚生労働省）http://www.mlit.go.jp/jutakukentiku/build/barrier-free.files/guideline12.pdf

· 「高齢者、障害者等の円滑な移動等に配慮した建築設計標準」（国土交通省）

· The Safety of Laboratory Workers with Disabilities

· Tortured, Drugged & Bugged! Targeting, Gang-Stalking, Covert Drugging, HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION, Morgellons Microwaves, Energetic, Entomological, and Genetic weapons, the silent warfare of Mind Control in America & abroad. Illuminating darkness: By Timothy Trespas, an innocent human victim of the New World Order.

FREQUENCIES! Sacred Harmonic Geometry – Understanding Resonance, Cymatics and the Chakras, サイマトリクス

· USB 焦電型赤外線 汎用人感センサ IWS600-CM 約5mまで反応するUSB接続の人感センサです。制御コマンドから値が取得できるため、独自システムに簡単に統合可能．VRと広い範囲を対象とし、人体を検出します。センサ自身からLEDなどの光を発光するのではなく、周囲と温度差のある人（物）が動く際に生じる赤外線の変化量を検出するセンサです。

· 【Arduino】GROVE 超音波距離センサモジュールをArduinoUNOで使ってみる【電子工作】

·

·

· GROVE - 超音波距離センサモジュール

·

· (ヴェイラー)：カナダのヴァンホークス社が開発したスマート自転車です。ジャイロセンサー、加速度センサー、磁気センサー、GPSなどが搭載され、Wi-FiやBluetooth接続も可能で、移動距離やルート、平均時速、消費カロリーなどの走行ログを専用アプリで管理できます。盗難にあった場合には、街中のWi-Fiやvalour同士が接続することにより現在の位置を特定することができます。また、グーグルマップのナビゲーション機能と連動した専用アプリとつなぐと、ハンドルバーの左右に配置されたLEDが進行方向を示して目的地までガイドする機能もあります。リアランプに２つの超音波センサーを搭載しており、後方３ｍの範囲で物体の接近を感知するとハンドルの振動で危険を知らせるという機能もあります。

ｓ

· Valourの大きな特徴の1つが、リヤタイヤの周囲に搭載されるという後方センサー。2つの超音波センサーが後方3メートル・幅1.2メートルのエリアに近づいた物体を感知し、ハンドルバーに内蔵された2つの振動フィードバック装置を振動させることで、ライダーに対して死角に危険が迫っていることを知らせるようになっています。https://gigazine.net/news/20151226-vanhawks-valour/

· This high-tech bicycle has proximity sensors that detect cars in your blind spot

https://ksr-video.imgix.net/projects/937466/video-381201-h264_high.mp4

· Smart Cycling

· 光や音、振動で自転車やオートバイの巻き込み防止に貢献【ジャガー・ランドローバー】新技術「バイク・センス」の研究開発を発表

· 第16回 Arduinoでパーツやセンサを使ってみよう～超音波モジュール編

· ロボットミドルウェアであるFawkesを用いたorg

· 後方接近物警告ベルトの作成と評価

· 実験系ガラス廃棄物 廃棄方法

· 高齢化社会を明るく照らす、ジェロンテクノロジーとユニバーサルデザイン文字サイズ：IBMのワトソン研究所が、ALSのホーキング博士のために研究していた「視線入力」の技術は、今では一般製品として、人がどこを見ているのかという視野角の認識などに使われている。https://www.jbgroup.jp/link/special/220-5.html

· 近接センサ IWS450-US，USB汎用物体検出・近接センサ

· Applied Entomology and Zoology pp 1–13 | Cite as Deficiency in dmrt99B ortholog causes behavioral abnormalities in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

May 2018

• インクルーシブデザインの手法によるユーザー参加型デザインの仕組みづくりに関する調査研究, 財団法人たんぽぽの家

• インクルーシブデ2017ザインとは，-12-04 Creator's note

• 『歩道の一般的構造に関する基準』国土交通

• インクルーシブ教育システム構築事業：文部科学省，平成27年度行政事業レビュー公開プロセス 議事録

  • ①調査研究を並行？②集まった事例の適切な分析，③公表の仕方，④評価の仕方．

  • 障害者の権利条約>インクルーシブ教育システム

  • 研修・ワークショップを普及？

  • インクルDB，115例H25-H29・事例集：支援を受けているのは全自治体のうちどれくらい？支援を受けていなくても自発的に取り組んだ事例．（インクルという言葉が出る前からも取り組みはあったはず．）

  • -DBの改善，文字情報はわかりにくい？・事例とナラティブ

  • ・１海外事例（先行研究）をどういかすか，研究機関への委託？

  • ・２誰が判断してお金をつけているのか，審査体制，採択のプロセス，

  • ・３自己評価，

  • ＊アップデートの体制試練の多い，神に愛されたシステム構築，調査-検討-構築見える・見えない・精神障害

  • 国が力を入れると強力，エッセンスのみつくせばよい．

• ３－２ イギリス平等法における合理的配慮の概念

  • DDA、平等法における合理的調整には、「対応型合理的調整（reactive reasonable adjustment）」と「予測型合理的調整（anticipatory reasonable adjustment）」の2つの形態が含まれる。このうち、対応型合理的調整は、障害者個人からの具体的要求に応じてなされる調整であり、障害者個人からの要求がない限りその履行義務は発生しない。これに対して予測型合理的調整では、サービス提供者などが障害者一般の不利益やニーズを予測して、法律に定める措置を講ずる義務を事前に履行しなくてはならない87。このことから、対応型合理的調整は国連障害者権利条約や我が国の障害者差別解消法が定める合理的配慮と同様の概念だと考えられるのに対し、予測型合理的調整は障害者差別解消法における事前環境整備に近い概念だと考えられる。

• イギリスのファンディングメカニズム

• 電気生理の音を聞く．Audible neuron, "Lecture 1: A Walk-through of the Mammalian Visual System" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtPgW1ebxmE

• 村田製作所，ピエゾバイブ

• 124種類の振動パターンでスマホゲームの演出を豊かにする触覚ミドルウェア『CRI HAPTIX』Android版が7月より提供開始

• 振動音楽，http://www2.gol.com/users/somestic/vibromusic.htm

• 株式会社アクーウラボ，http://www.acouve.co.jp/product/pd_vt7.html

• 聴覚障害者も“握って”音楽体験、各パートを振動で割り振り https://newswitch.jp/p/7768

• 日本電産，開発ストーリー，触覚デバイス開発

• 振動で情報を伝える小型の触覚デバイス「ピエゾアクチュエーター」

• Yachie先生，

  • 34兆個の細胞，51 ZByte，１グラムのDNAに200PB？

  • 進化系統樹は推定，

• Smith, C., Puzio, R. S., & Bergman, A. (2014). Hierarchical Network Structure Promotes Dynamical Robustness. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.0709.

  • the most robust systems have the most hierarchical structure.

• Alan brain atlas,

  • https://scalablebrainatlas.incf.org/services/sba-composer.php?template=ABA_v3&scene={%22regions%22:{%22root%22:[%22BBBBBB%22,0.3],%22STR%22:[%2228F516%22,1],%22STRd%22:[%2210E018%22,1],%22STRv%22:[%227FCDF7%22,1],%22FS%22:[%227ECDF8%22,1],%22PAL%22:[%220CC910%22,1],%22PALd%22:[%228599CB%22,1],%22GPe%22:[%228598CC%22,1],%22PALv%22:[%220DD823%22,1],%22PALm%22:[%2213D328%22,1],%22PALc%22:[%22B1BFDF%22,1],%22BST%22:[%22B3C0DE%22,1],%22STN%22:[%221DF15B%22,1],%22SNr%22:[%2222E050%22,1],%22SNc%22:[%2239EA18%22,1],%22PPN%22:[%22FF6161%22,1],%22MY-mot%22:[%223BF0FE%22,1],%22MY-sat%22:[%2226E8FF%22,1]},%22background%22:%22000055%22}

• Bassett, D. S., & Bullmore, E. T. (2017). Small-world brain networks revisited. The Neuroscientist, 23(5), 499-516.

  • Small-Worldness Is Not the Whole Story

• Ringo 1991 Neuronal interconnection as a function of brain size

  • full interconnectedness

  • assumption of a fixed percent interconnectedness

  • 'absolute connections' for the simple number of connections per neuron

  • the basis of the potential for interconnection

    • Braitenberg 1978

    • Cook 1986

• In recent years, however, a steady accumulation of evidence has eroded the over-riding importance of wire length minimization. In particular, the wiring pattern of C. elegans connectome is not strictly minimized for wire length because of the existence of long-range connections, which runs counter to the wiring minimization principle (Ahn et al., 2006; Kaiser and Hilgetag, 2006). The dominance of the wiring minimization principle, however, resulted in less attention being given to the other conservation laws of conduction delay and volume minimization and to understanding how these distinct laws interact. To redress the balance, two recent studies independently investigated Cajal's laws of material and conduction delay conservation in relation to the axonal and dendritic arbors of individual neocortical neurons, respectively.

• To explain features of neuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity, research initially focussed almost exclusively on the role of conserving cellular material or wire length—the wiring minimization principle (Mitchison, 1991; Cherniak, 1994; Chklovskii et al., 2002). The ability of this solitary principle to explain connectivity has been highly influential in shaping thinking about brain design and explaining CNS connectivity (Chklovskii and Koulakov, 2004). For example, it was claimed that the wiring minimization principle could completely explain the wiring pattern of the roundworm C. elegans (Cherniak, 1994), the only fully mapped CNS connectome.

• Natural selection as a designing agent is a unifying concept in biology (Maynard Smith, 1978).

• It follows from this notion that the characteristics of brain architecture and function have adapted to improve an organism's survival in its environment (e.g., Kaas, 1989).

• 自己組織化臨界現象とは

  • 自己組織化臨界現象の理論は P. Bak らが提唱した [2]。この理論の特徴 を以下に述べる。 (i) 相互作用のある大規模で複雑な系は自然に臨界状態へと自己を組織 している。 (ii) 臨界状態にあるとき、ちょっとしたことが連鎖反応を起こし、系の 無限個の要素にも影響を及ぼすことがある。

• Yamashita, Y., & Tani, J. (2008). Emergence of functional hierarchy in a multiple timescale neural network model: a humanoid robot experiment. PLoS computational biology, 4(11), e1000220.

  • Information processing in the visual cortex, investigated extensively in the study of visual perception, is thought to occur on multiple spatial scales [63–65]. It is as such considered that functional hierarchy in visual information processing operates on the basis of the spatial structure of visual cortices, such as connections between local modules at a narrow spatial scale, and connections between brain regions at a wider spatial scale. This observation of functional hierarchy based on spatial hierarchy leads naturally to the idea of the local representation model.

• Ramstead, M. J. D., Badcock, P. B., & Friston, K. J. (2017). Answering Schrödinger's question: a free-energy formulation. Physics of life reviews.

  • Consistent with this, simulation studies of evolving networks have shown that a hierarchical neural structure enhances evolvability by adapting faster to new environments than non-hierarchical structures [77].MengistuH, HuizingaJ, MouretJ-B, CluneJ. The evolutionary origins of hierarchy. PLoS Comput Biol 2016:12.

  • The hierarchical segregation of neural net-works into distributed neighbourhoods has also been found to stretch the parameter range for self-organized criticality by allowing subcritical and supercritical dynamics to co-exist simultaneously [78] HilgetagCC, HüttM-T. Hierarchical modular brain connectivity is a stretch for criticality. Trends Cogn Sci 2014;18:114–5., which optimizes information processing and is therefore likely to be favoured by selection [79]. HesseJ, GrossT. Self-organized criticality as a fundamental property of neural systems. Front Syst Neurosci 2014;8:46–59.

  • Maturational studies of neural networks throughout childhood and adolescence have further revealed that human cortical development mirrors phylogeny, progressing from the sensorimotor hierarchies found in all mammals through to recent association areas shared by humans and other primates [80] GuS, SatterthwaiteTD, MedagliaJD, YangM, GurRE, GurRC, et al. Emergence of system roles in normative neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2015;112:13681–6.

  • The phylogeny of the brain is also reflected across nested levels of neurophysiological organisa-tion, ranging from genes and transcription factors through to synaptic epigenesis and the long-range connectivity that is thought to underpin consciousness [81]. ChangeuxJ-P. Climbing brain levels of organisation from genes to consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci 2017;21:168–81.

  • It is unsurprising, then, that a hierarchical neural structure has been found in every mammal examined to date [82]. FinlayBL, UchiyamaR. Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution. Trends Neurosci 2015;38:69–76.

• Wang, S. J., Hilgetag, C., & Zhou, C. (2011). Sustained activity in hierarchical modular neural networks: self-organized criticality and oscillations. Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 5, 30.

  • In a model of spreading neural activity, persistent, and scalable network activation could be produced in HMNs, but not in same-size random networks, implying that the hierarchical cluster architecture is a potential basis for the stable and diverse functional patterns in cortical networks (Kaiser et al., 2007; Kaiser and Hilgetag, 2010). It was also shown that HMNs satisfy constraints of stability under dynamical changes (Robinson et al., 2009).

• COSNET, multiplexed network, http://cosnet.bifi.es/network-theory/multiplex-networks/

• Von Twickel, A., Hild, M., Siedel, T., Patel, V., & Pasemann, F. (2012). Neural control of a modular multi-legged walking machine: simulation and hardware. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 60(2), 227-241.

  • Together with an increase in machine complexity, also the control problems become more challenging. One approach to gain insight into novel neural control mechanisms is evolutionary robotics [23–25]. It allows to develop controllers that exploit the sensori-motor loop, including properties of body and environment, and to subsequently derive control principles. To overcome the limitations faced by the evolutionary robotics approach, especially when solving complex control problems, several techniques have been proposed, e.g.: incremental evolution [26–28], modular evolution [29–32] and evolution combined with ontogenetic processes [33]. These techniques are partly based on the assumption that animals possess a modular and hierarchical structure on, amongst others, anatomical and neural control [34], levels that increases their evolvability [35]

    • [34] A. Büschges, Sensory control and organization of neural networks mediating coordination of multisegmental organs for locomotion, Journal of Neurophysiology 93 (2005) 1127–1135.

    • [35] G.V. Dassow, E. Munro, Modularity in animal development and evolution: elements of a conceptual framework for evodevo, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 285 (1999) 307–325.

• モジュール構造を利用した ニューロコントローラの進化的構造探索法および複数報酬強化学習法の提案 サブモジュールによるモジュール表現を実現するNE手法（これまでは階層的にモジュールを表現することは不可能であった）．

  • NeuroEvolution,ニューラルネットワークの進化的探索法 NE

    • 目的関数やニューロンモデルへ制約を与えることなく，結合重みとネットワーク構造を同時に最適化できる

    • 進化の後期課程で探索効率が低下する問題を解消するために，それまでに獲得した部分構造をモジュールとして再利用することが考えられる．遺伝子型の空間でモジュールを利用することで，小さなΔGに対して，表現型の空間での大きな変化ΔPを引き起こし，結果として探索効率の低下を回避できる．

    • 従来のNE研究では，ニューラルネットワークの結合重みなどの特徴を，一つ一つ遺伝子に非業化する直接的符号化

      • ゲノム長がネットワークサイズに比例すること，一回の遺伝子操作では一つの結合重みしか変化させることができない．よってネットワークの規模が大きくなると構造探索の効率が悪化．Reisinger, J., & Miikkulainen, R. (2007, July). Acquiring evolvability through adaptive representations. In Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (pp. 1045-1052). ACM.

      • 対して間接的符号化手法，複数の遺伝子の組み合わせで表現型の特徴が定義される．進化可能性の観点からも優位．

        • 特徴①：ネットワークにモジュール性や規則性が表れやすい．

        • 特徴②：遺伝子の変化は複数の表現型上の特徴に影響する．

    • モジュール構造を明示的に取り入れた場合とそうでない場合を比較すると，有利

      • 多脚ロボットの歩行制御 Valsalam, V. K., & Miikkulainen, R. (2008, July). Modular neuroevolution for multilegged locomotion. In Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (pp. 265-272). ACM.

        • The search space is effectively reduced by exploiting symmetry in the robot morphology, and encoding it into network modules. Experiments involving physically realistic simulations of a quadruped robot produce the same symmetric gaits, such as pronk, pace, bound and trot, that are seen in quadruped animals. Moreover, the robot can transition dynamically to more effective gaits when faced with obstacles. The modular approach also scales well when the number of legs or their degrees of freedom are increased. Evolved non-modular controllers, in contrast, produce gaits resembling crippled animals that are much less effective and do not scale up as a result. These results suggest that the modular approach is effective for designing robust locomotion controllers for multilegged robots.

      • 人工生命シミュレーション Schlessinger, E., Bentley, P. J., & Lotto, R. B. (2006, July). Modular thinking: evolving modular neural networks for visual guidance of agents. In Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (pp. 215-222). ACM.

  • 進化可能性：

    • 定義：遺伝型の変化によって，表現型として多様な形質を生み出し，かつ致死的な変化にはなりにくい（Krishner &Gerhard） Kirschner, M., & Gerhart, J. (1998). Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(15), 8420-8427.

      • ゲノムが変化しにくい部分と，柔軟に変化しやすい部分が存在すること，Convervation and Deconstraint

      • モジュール構造をもつことによって，変異の影響が全体に伝わらないこと，Compartmentation and modularity

      • 遺伝子間の弱い接続によるネットワークを形成していること，Weak linkage

    • Raff & Kly, 発達過程におけるモジュール構造の重要性を指摘

      • モジュールは，さらに小さなモジュールによって形成される階層的なモジュール機構が重要 Raff, R. A., & Sly, B. J. (2000). Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development. Evolution & Development, 2(2), 102-113.

      • 発生が階層モジュールを形成するためには遺伝子発現システムが領域（Territory）を持つ必要がある．

    • NEにおいても進化可能性の議論はあるが，未だ統一された解釈はない．

  • NeuroEvolutin of Augmenting Topologies （NEAT）by Stanley & Miikkulainen

    • Node遺伝子とConnection遺伝子

  • ModularNEAT モジュール構造を複数の部分で利用できるNE Reisinger

• Heading in the right direction: the brain’s internal compass A tale of the invisible hand of theory in neuroscience Ring Attractor

• Paine, R. W., & Tani, J. (2005). How hierarchical control self-organizes in artificial adaptive systems. Adaptive Behavior, 13(3), 211-225.

  • In developing artificial agents such as autonomous robots, various types of multi-level structures have been introduced and shown to be effective (Blynel & Floreano, 2002; Paine & Tani, 2004; Tani, 2003; Tani & Nolfi, 1999; Yamauchi & Beer, 1994; Ziemke & Thieme, 2002). However, few studies have shown how such effective hierarchical controllers can self-organize through system adaptation without explicitly designing them.

• Paine, R. W., & Tani, J. (2005). How hierarchical control self-organizes in artificial adaptive systems. Adaptive Behavior, 13(3), 211-225.

• Fernandez-Leon, J. A., Acosta, G. G., & Mayosky, M. A. (2009). Behavioral control through evolutionary neurocontrollers for autonomous mobile robot navigation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 57(4), 411-419.

  • simple behaviors coordination through LE is a feasible strategy that gives rise to emergent complex behaviors

• Physics-based motion control through hierarchical neuroevolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neOYEf9RBQk

  • We show that evolving these modules one-by-one, with each of them dependent on its predecessors, allows evolution to converge faster, and possibly deliver better and more stable results than common, i.e. non-hierarchical, controllers.

• He, J., & Deem, M. W. (2010). Hierarchical evolution of animal body plans. Developmental biology, 337(1), 157-161.

  • . A hierarchical network is an advanced modular network. In hierarchical networks, some modules are key modules that may relate to the core function and be resistant to mutation. Other modules are periphery modules that may be more likely affected by the environmental changes (Ravasz et al., 2002). Peripheral modules evolve rapidly and allow the organism to survive in a changing environment. 階層的につくることで，変異に強いコアファンクションと，変異の影響を受けやすいモジュールに分けることができる？

  • the slow evolution of the top components and fast evolution of the bottom components of the hierarchy is a universal phenomenon in evolution, not only in the gene regulatory networks, but also in protein interaction networks, cell signaling networks, and metabolic networks (Deem, 2007).

  • もしネットワークがUnstructured あるいはランダムネットワークであれば，わずかな変化でもBody Planに大きな影響があるだろう．これを説明する仮説としてDavidsonとErwinは遺伝子調節ネットワークが初期発生を制御していると主張．

    • Davidson, E. H., & Erwin, D. H. (2006). Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science, 311(5762), 796-800.

    • Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. (2009). The evolution of hierarchical gene regulatory networks. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10(2), 141.

      • " the hierarchical structure of the gene regulatory network has imposed constraints on the rate of further evolution of the most basic, and earliest-evolved features. The slow speed of evolution of the kernels that control the development of animal phylum- and superphylum-level body plan characteristics is why no new phylum-level body plans appeared after the pre-Cambrian period. The number of types of classes, orders, families, and species is increasing, and our results show that this observation is surprisingly consistent with the increasing evolutionary speed from kernels to plug-ins to I/Os to batteries."

  • Ravasz, E., Somera, A. L., Mongru, D. A., Oltvai, Z. N., & Barabási, A. L. (2002). Hierarchical organization of modularity in metabolic networks. science, 297(5586), 1551-1555.

    • For biological systems, hierarchical modularity is consistent with the notion that evolution may act at many organizational levels simultaneously: The accumulation of many local changes, which affect the small, highly integrated modules, could slowly impact the properties of the larger, less integrated modules. The emergence of the hierarchical topology through copying and reusing existing modules (1) and motifs (8), a process reminiscent of the results of gene duplication (28, 29), offers a special role to the modules that appeared first in the network.

      • [1] L. H. Hartwell, J. J. Hopfield, S. Leibler, A. W. Murray, Nature 402, C47 (1999).

      • [8] Shen-Orr, S. S., Milo, R., Mangan, S., & Alon, U. (2002). Network motifs in the transcriptional regulation network of Escherichia coli. Nature genetics, 31(1), 64. DOR: dense overlapping region

• Kiebel, S. J., Daunizeau, J., & Friston, K. J. (2008). A hierarchy of time-scales and the brain. PLoS computational biology, 4(11), e1000209.

  • There is extensive literature on the hierarchical structure of human behaviour, see [60] for a recent example and [61],[62]. In [63], Botvinick proposed a hierarchical model of behavioural sequences, using recurrent neural networks, where high levels in a hierarchy encode slow time-scales, while low levels encode fast input/output. The temporal hierarchy emerged, after learning, without imposing specific constraints. This is an important result, that is shared with several accounts in the robotics literature, where a hierarchy of time-scales in recurrent networks emerges naturally from optimizing a robot to perform navigation tasks [21],[22],[64],[65].

  • Botvinick MM (2007) Multilevel structure in behaviour and in the brain: a model of Fuster's hierarchy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362: 1615–1626.

• 柴田，福田（1993）階層行動アーキテクチャ（適応と学習によるシステムの最適化）．日本ロボット学会誌．11:1111-1117．

  • ロボットの知的制御として，現実政界の物理的特性を考慮するために，動物を規範とした階層型の制御アーキテクチャが提案．

  • Rasmussen：人間行動を3階層に分類．知識に基づくレベル(Symbol)，ルールに基づくレベル(Sign)，スキルに基づくレベル(Signal)． J. Rasmussen, •gSkills, Rules, and Knowledges ; Sig nals, Signs, and Symbols, and Other Distinctions in Human Performance Models,•h IEEE Trans. on SMC, Vol. 13, pp. 257-266 (1983)

  • Saridis：組織レベル，調整レベル，ハードウェア制御レベル．

  • Brooks：自律ロボットが行動する実世界の環境を記号化することが困難であることから，昆虫などの自律システムを模倣したサブサンプションアーキテクチャを提案．従 来 のAI的手法とはまったく異なり，階層的なモジュールの構成で，上位 レベ ルが下 位レベ ルを包 括し，優先順位を持つ．（知識の限界や環境の不確かさを解決するためには，適応と学習の機能をシステムが持つことが必要）

  • 階層的な制御アーキテクチャを構成する上で，数値を扱う現実の世界と論理的な記号の世界の接点をどのように扱うかが重要．つまり環境のモデル化方法,センサからの信号を処理し記号に変換する方法,作業に関する知識の表現方法や学習方法等が重要である.これらの機能は後天的な知能として,ソフトウエアに依存する度合が高い.次章以降にこれらを達成するために有効な方法としてNN・ファジィ・GA等．

• 渡辺(1995)ロボットのインテリジェント制御．計測と制御 35:863-868．

  • 環境に応じた行動を複数発生し，それらの競合・協調によって行動を決定するサブサンプション・アーキテクチャについて，ファジィ推論・NN・GAなどのインテリジェント制御法を利用する．K.M. Passino: Intelligent Control for Autonomous Systems, IEEE Spectrum, 32-6, 55/62 (1995)

  • 遺伝的アルゴリズムは生物の適応進化過程を計算アルゴリズム化したものであり，進化の特徴である淘汰/選択，交叉および突然変異の原理に基づく最適化手法．

• 小田島・羅（2006）階層型分散制御構造を用いた多脚歩行系におけ 行動規範型歩行制御．日本ロボット学会誌

  • 多脚ロボット：多数の脚はその制御に多くの計算量を要するという問題点もあわせ持つ.これにより外部環境の状況から行動を計画するための計算能力を割くこととなり,環境適応性を低下させる要因となる.制御負荷の減少を図る一つの有効な解決策として分散制御方式

  • CPGは脳からの信号によって制御：K.Pearson: The Control of Walking. ScientificAmerican, vol.235,pp.72-74,79-86,1976. 上位の制御系が運動に必要な多くの自由度を非常に単純な信号で制御する仕組みは，生物の持つ巧みな情報圧縮手法であり,この階層化構造は上位の神経系にかかる負荷を軽減する有効な手段である．

  • Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., & Giszter, S. F. (1992). Vector field approximation: a computational paradigm for motor control and learning. Biological cybernetics, 67(6), 491-500. 階層型構造と運動司令の情報圧縮（カエル）

    • 灰白質に電気刺激，後脚に発生する力を測定．同じ電気刺激を与えても脚の固定位置によって発生する力が異なり，その方向は接地空間の力のベクトル場として記述できる．「箇所の電気刺激によって得られる運動は,それぞれの刺激によって作られるベクトル場を加法的に重ね合わせたもので決定されることも観察されている.本来灰白質に刺激を与えるのは上位の神経系であることから,単純な刺激の組み合わせで複雑な運動を表現できるこの仕組みも,また階層構造における階層間での情報圧縮の例である」．

    • 階層型制御構造（生物の自律分散システムと行動計画の上位系），階層間の情報圧縮は，分散制御の工学的応用に有効．「いずれも上位制御器がロボット全体に関する情報をすべての下位制御器に等しく配布し,その情報をもとに下位制御器群が可能な限り自律的に行動を決定することで,上位制御器の制御負荷を軽減している.大きな凹凸を迂回するか乗り越えるかなどといった大域的な行動の決定は上位制御器が担当し,実際の脚の運動制御や脚先の調整で済む程度の小さな凹凸への対応は下位制御器が各脚を分散的かつ自律的に行うというのが,階層型制御を多脚歩行系に適用する際の有効な形態である.」（コメント：共有できる配線をまとめている？）

    • モジュール単位での組み換えによる運用形態の変更が可能であることは,モジュールの集積によって構成される分散システムにおける運用面での利点の一つである．設計者があらかじめすべての運用形態を想定することは不可能であるため,モジュールの組み換えによる形態の変化に対して適応的に最適な目標力を獲得できることが望ましい

    • 冗長多自由度を備えた系は,運動に多様性を持たせられる反面,制御に要する計算負荷が避けられない.分散制御系の採用による負荷分散は有効な手段であるが,系全体の行動計画など,局所情報のみでは決定が困難な問題に対しては,全体を見渡す集中制御系が必要となる.集中と分散の二つの層からなる階層型制御構造の適用は,負荷分散と効率のよい行動計画の両立を可能にする.

    • 多脚歩行系の制御のみならず,局所的な振る舞いの集合が大域的な運動を決定するような冗長多自由度系の制御への応用が期待できる.

• ロボットと迷路、そしてサブサンプション・アーキテクチャー Java 言語で仮想ロボットをプログラミングする IBM

• Loeb, G. E., Brown, I. E., & Cheng, E. J. (1999). A hierarchical foundation for models of sensorimotor control. Experimental brain research, 126(1), 1-18.

  • In the absence of perturbations, many different sets of tactics may be functionally equivalent, a problem that motor psychologists describe as motor redundancy or overcompleteness (Bernstein 1967).

• ＊＊Bongard, J. (2015). Using robots to investigate the evolution of adaptive behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 6, 168-173.N

• NHKスペシャル「縮小ニッポンの衝撃 労働力激減 そのとき何が」

  • 20年間で労働人口が1000万人減．高齢者か外国人か．1947-1949，団塊，棺桶型の人口ピラミッド，

  • 岡山県美作市，3000人の外国人受け入れ，ベトナム人向け，ホーチミンの銅像設置

  • 2025年で介護人材が38万人不足

• National Geographic, See How Termites Inspired a Building That Can Cool Itself

• Accommodating Faculty Members

  • We simply note the option of including a statement on the course syllabus such as the following: “My goal is to make this course accessible to all students. If you think you need an accommodation for a disability, please let [the appropriate party—for example, ‘me,’ ‘the disability services office,’ or ‘the associate dean’] know at your earliest convenience. Some aspects of this course— the assignments, the in-class activities, and the way I teach—may be modified to facilitate your participation and progress. The sooner you make [the appropriate party] aware of your needs, the sooner we can determine appropriate accommodations. I will treat any information you provide about your disability or accommodations with respect.”

• ニューロ・ダイバーシティ：自閉、双極性、その他の神経特性を、病理や障害ではなく、ヒトの自然な変異として位置付ける．治療すべきものではない．神経学的差異は、ジェンダー、民族性、性的指向や障害と同様に、社会的カテゴリーとして認識され尊重されるべきである

• Schaal, A. (2018). Science must rise up to support people like me. Nature, 556, 275-275. 数理物理学PhD, 時間の流れはなぜ一方向なのか．

  • グルタル酸血症1型による全身性ジストニア

  • 目だけ動かせる，Eye-trackerでコミュニケーション

  • 最初はアコモデーションを都度願い出る必要あり，大学が自身を知るにつれ，状況は変わる．

  • TAとしては在宅でもできる仕事，「exercise worksheets, organize tutorials and maintain the website for the course lecture series」

  • co-founded Chronically Academic, a global network that connects academics who have disabilities or chronic conditions

    • アカデミアにおける慢性疾患についての記事シリーズ：”Chronic Illness and the Academy”, The Sociological Review

    • ”a research career is possible if you really want it and have support from your family, supervisors and colleagues”

    • アカデミアは国際的，ヘルスケアシステムのばらつき，given large variations in health-care systems.

    • 自身のケースでは，フライトが不可能，アシスタント2人と医療機器が必要，国内一週間の滞在で3000-5000ドル．

    • イベントのアクセシビリティ，部屋のベッド，トイレ，主催者は招待講演者が要求したときはじめてステップを出す

    • ”Scholarships and administrative help to cover extra costs of travel and assistance would expand opportunities.”

    • ”There are many times when I cannot do anything but think, which lends itself to coming up with new scientific ideas”

• ノーマライゼーション（normalization）障害者も、健常者と同様の生活が出来る様に支援するべき、という考え方

• Brown, N., & Leigh, J. (2018). Ableism in academia: where are the disabled and ill academics?. Disability & Society, 1-5.

• 学会・イベントのアクセシビリティ

  • David Perry, Removing the Barriers to Participation for Disabled Scholars. ChronicleVitae

  • David Perry (2015) Save the Academic Conference. It’s How Our Work Blossoms. The Chronicle of Higher Education

  • Christy Wampole (2015) The Conference Manifesto. The Stone

  • Dee McCurry (2017) Why accessibility at conferences impacts academic debate. ExOrdo Blog

  • ** Séan Richardson Mental Health and Conferences: A Practical Guide,

    • ラマダンや断食している場合

    • アクセシビリティの判断が，スロープの有無で終わってしまう

  • Kate Sang (2017) Without accessible conferences, we lose the voices of disabled academics Higher Education Network

  • Cathy Hannabach & Adrienne Shaw (2017) How to make your academic event accessible. blog

    • IDEAS on FIRE, academic publishing and consulting agency helping interdisciplinary scholars write and publish awesome texts, enliven public conversations, and create more just worlds.

    • "Accessibility is a social justice issue", 社会的正義，社会的公正，騎士道，社会的に公正な世界を目指す運動．弁護士法第一条「弁護士は基本的人権を擁護し，社会正義を実現することを使命とする」

    • 小さいコストでもアクセシビリティは可能．

    • ケースバイケースではなく，ユニバーサルデザイン．

    • Registration costは段階的に，寄付的な意味，"sliding scale registration fee"

    • Remote speakers

      • We strongly encourage you to allow speakers to present via teleconferencing systems (Skype, Google Hangout, etc.) if they cannot attend in person. This ensures a much more diverse speaker lineup. If on-site wi-fi doesn’t allow for streaming video, you could have remote speakers record their presentation, play the video during the event, and have the speaker respond to Q&A in real time via social media or instant messaging applications (Twitter, Slack, Facebook Live or Messenger, etc.: these require less bandwidth than video calls).

    • Inclusivity policy

      • Write up an explicit inclusivity policy stating the community standards everyone is expected to uphold during the event. Make it more than a list of what not to do; provide active suggestions for how attendees, speakers, and staff can build a welcoming space. Also include explicit instructions for what to do if someone is violating the policy.

        • The Queerness and Games Conference

  • Accessible Conference Guide, by Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing.

  • **Debra Guckenheimer, Ten Ways to Make Conferences Accessible to People with Disabilities , Chronically Academic

  • Tokyo2020 アクセシビリティ・ガイドラインについて

  • Award Abstract #0533012 4th Edition: Resource Directory of Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities NSFグラント，障害をもつ科学者・エンジニアのリスト

  • Virginia Stern CEOSE Mini-Symposium on Institutions Serving Persons with Disabilities in STEM

• 障害のエクストラコスト

  • Disability Remodeling Cost

  • Mitra, S., Palmer, M., Kim, H., Mont, D., & Groce, N. (2017). Extra costs of living with a disability: A review and agenda for future research. Disability and Health.

• 生物にとっての環境（私にとっての環境を考えるために）─ダニの世界を事例として─ http://www.edd.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/~o-tanig/kougi/2004/kankyoukouhou/040602-7Yukusu2.htm

• 障害者の高等教育に関する提言 進学を選択できる社会に向けて ２０１２年

  • トピック：筑波技術大学

  • トピック：現在提案されている項目について，科学実験の視点を追加するように考えていく 安全が一番？オーソドックスな

  • 当面のゴールとしては，東京大学バリアフリー支援室の文書に，授業の支援のパートに，科学実験に記述を加えること．

  • テキストブックの参考文献紹介，アメリカ化学会の特徴・内容

  • 障害者や要介護高齢者、認知症患者などを含めると全人口の１０～１５％程度が心身に不具合を持っており、「何を以て健常と考えるか」という明確な基準は存在しない。

  • 障害を理由に社会参加機会が失われることは本来的に許されず、意欲と能力を有する障害者が健常者と同等に活躍できる環境整備が必要

  • 障害者の社会参加は消費・所得・税収の拡大や社会保障支出の削減を通じて社会全体に効果が波及することも期待される。

  • 高等教育機関に在籍する障害者は総在籍者の０.３％を占めるに過ぎない。

  • 進学後の支援状況などを事前に把握しにくい「情報の壁」、高校や雇用との接続が上手く行っていない「縦割りの壁」、修学支援に関する費用や手間暇を嫌う「コストの壁」が考えられ、

  • 4-1：拠点校に指定された大学の教職員はボランティアとして働いており，日常業務が忙しい時，ネットワーク事業に手が回らない．

  • 4-2：

• 東京大学バリアフリー支援室

  • 社会への完全参加（full participation）を実現する方法

    • 心身の特徴を主流派に近づけるアプローチ

    • 社会のデザインを障害のある人々にとっても使い勝手が良いものへと改良するアプローチ

  • 規模の大きい建築物や制度のデザインなど、いったん出来上がると可変性に制約が生じる環境要素については、その立案の段階から、障害をもつ構成員の継続的な参加とフィードバックによる共同創造（co-production）のプロセスを進めていくことが不可欠

• Jessica Cowan-Dewar (2009) People with Disabilities in the Science and Technology Sectors: Research Findings - First Project Report.

• Grigely, J. (2017). The neglected demographic: Faculty members with disabilities. The Chronicle of Higher Education.

  • National Center for Education Statistics show that about 11 percent of the undergraduates in postsecondary education in the United States have a disability.

  • Number of disabled faculty and staff at UC Berkeley

    • Section 503 of Rehabilitation Act, 全ての大学は，障害者の人数を調査しなければならない．

    • UCバークレーは1522名のフルタイムファカルティ，障害者は24名，1.5%

  • The National Center for College Students With Disabilities estimates that 4 percent of all faculty members have disabilities.

  • These numbers are discouraging, given that 22 percent of the general population has disabilities.

  • ファカルティのアコモデーションのプロセス，通常は，専門的なトレーニングを受けていない学科長に問い合わせる．

  • Ideally, all access requests from faculty, staff, and students should be managed within a single office staffed by people with requisite training and experience. 理想的にはすべてのリクエストはトレーニングを受け，経験のある人員で構成される一つのオフィスで行われるべき．

  • こうした対応はコストがかかるが，メリットとして

    • アコモデーションはコミュニティ全体に利益．通訳者のコストが大きく”Undue hardship”（過度の負担）と考えるのであれば，利益を享受するすべての人に分散する

    • 障害はAffirming Identityである．他のマイノリティと同じようにダイバーシティに寄与する．

    • ロールモデルが必要．William Peace，アドヴォケーションにとても時間がかかった．これがアカデミアに障害者が進まない原因，障害をもったファカルティが教育や研究ができていることを見ることによって，学生はその先のキャリアに可能性を見出すことができる．“Only when disabled faculty members are allowed to teach and research unencumbered by a need to advocate for access will students be able to see the possibilities of a career that extends beyond their disability.”

    • An ideal approach would be for colleges to establish committees to investigate the needs of disabled faculty members, and from this discussion to create policies and procedures that reflect their experience. Guidance must come from the bottom up. 障害をもつファカルティメンバーのニーズを調査するグループを作るのが理想的

    • 2011年，65%の高等教育機関が，アクセシビリティのプロジェクトん障害者の意見を取り入れ，64%がニーズ・アセスメント調査を行っている，

  • Mohit Nair (2017) Ableism in Academia The Good Men Project

  • Chen, Y., Why, A., Batista, G., Mafra-Neto, A., & Keogh, E. (2014). Flying insect detection and classification with inexpensive sensors. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (92).

• Sohn, E. (2018). When sickness interrupts science. Nature, 553(7687), 239-241. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00112-7

  • US Center for Disease Control and Preventionアメリカ疾病予防管理センター の推定では，成人の約半数が何らかの慢性的な症状を持っている．

  • A Neglected Problem: Kate Sangの研究，慢性疾患だと，グラント申請や論文執筆を十分に行うことが難しい．分野の変更．ミーティングへの参加が難しい，研究者は移動が多く毎回医師を探さなければならない．短い期間で説明できない．

  • To Tell, or NOT To Tell: ディスクローズすべきか，いつどこで．

  • Focus on the Essentials：タンパク質化学からデータ分析のポジションへ．

• Accommodating Faculty Members With Disabilities アカデミアにおける障害者の雇用に関わるリソース，guidelines for accommodating faculty with disabilities

  • Disability and Hiring: Guidelines for Departmental Search Committees，Modern Language Association

  • Advice for hiring faculty members with disabilities (essay)

  • AHEAD

  • DO-IT

  • DISABLED-FACULTY@AOMLISTS.AOM.ORGhttp://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=disabled-faculty&A=1

  • Access in Academy，AAUP

  • Accommodating Faculty Members Who Have Disabilities. Report American Association of University Professors

  • ファカルティのアコモデーションは不足している．

  • ABA, 全米法曹協会

  • December 2010: Professor Hope Lewis 視覚障害，スピーチソフトウェア，スキャナ

  • August 2010: Professor Sue Titus Reid, J.D., Ph.D

  • February 2008: Professor Michael A. Schwartz

• Shanahan, J. (2016). Disability is not a disqualification. Science, 351(6271), 418-418.

  • Only 9% to 10% of undergraduate STEM students in the United States have disabilities, compared with approximately 20% of Americans overall. Among those who obtain Ph.D.s, the number falls to just 1%.

  • Of those who persist in STEM fields, many hide their disabilities out of concern for their careers, as several professors with disabilities shared with me after I spoke about inaccessibility at the Inclusive Astronomy conference this past June. One said she hid her disability because she expected it would affect her tenure evaluation. Another said she kept hers secret because she thought the progressive nature of her condition would make her unhireable.

• Getting things change

• The Inclusive University: Faculty and Staff with Disabilities The Center on Human Policy at Syracuse University

  • Cook, E. D., & Gibbs, H. R. (2009). Diverse academic faculty: A precious resource for innovative institutions. In T. R. Cole, T. J. Goodrich, & E. R. Gritz (Eds.), Faculty health in academic medicine: Physicians, scientists, and the pressures of success (pp. 93-111). Online: Humana Press.

  • Francis, L. P., & Silvers, A. (2008, Spring). No disability standpoint here! Law school faculties and the invisibility problem. In A. Bernstein (Ed.), Lawyers with Disabilities [Symposium]. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 69(3), 413-474.

  • Schneider, K. (2005). Disability and academe: Views from both sides of the teacher’s desk. Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, 1(4), 53-55.

    • Steinberg, A. G., Iezzoni, L. I., Conill, A., & Stineman, M. (2002). Reasonable accommodations for medical faculty with disabilities. JAMA, 288(24), 3147-3154

• 科学技術分野における障害者の割合

  • 化学・材料科学分野において障害者の割合は5％，一般には16％，1998－2007年の間にこの分野で博士号を取得したもののうち，0.7％が障害をもつことを報告(Workshop on Excellence Empowered by a Diverse AcademicWorkforce. Chemists, Chemical Engineers, and Materials Scientists with Disabilities)．

  • 学部(undergraduate)で障害を持つ学生の割合は11％，学位取得者(PhD)のうち障害を持つ割合は約1％(National Science Foundation [NSF], Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Engineering 2009)(大学院教育で，科学技術分野を継続しない事例が多い)．プロポーザルにアプライする人が1％？，"The percentage of proposals from persons with disabilities (roughly 1%) has not increased over the past decade, however their success rate is generally comparable to the overall success rate for all PIs (NSB 2016)", . Further, the percentage of proposals from persons with disabilities (roughly 1%) has not increased over the past decade.

  • 2012年現在，11％の学部学生が障害を持つことを報告している．おそよ1/4の学生が科学技術分野を志望する，この割合は障害をもたない学生でも同程度である．7％の大学院生が障害を報告している．(Women, Minorities, and Person with Disabilities in Science and Engineering 2017, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, National Science Foundation.)

  • 全人口のうち障害者の割合は19%，科学技術分野での割合は10%以下；障害者の割合は学部で10%，大学院で7%，博士号取得者は1%(Cozzens & Moon, 2014, Improving Accessibility and Inclusion in STEM Graduate Education, Georgia Tech)．"Students with disabilities represent only 10% of undergraduate, 7% of graduate, and 1% of doctoral-level STEM majors. "

  • 人口(21-64歳)のうち，17%が障害を持つ(Brault, 2012, American with Disabilities: 2010, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Censes Bureau, Report P70-P131.)

  • STEM分野で働く540万人のうち，障害をもつ割合は6%(National Science Foundation, 2013)．

  • STEM分野の就労は4.8%(Burrelli & Falkenheim, 2011 Diversity in the Federal Science and Engineering Workforce: Washington DC National Science Foundation, Directorate for the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciencees (NSF 11-303)

  • 高等教育において障害のある学生の割合は11-12%

  • 注意：障害の定義が調査によって異なる．障害をディスクローズしていない学生はカウントされない．発達障害など障害と定義される範囲が拡大している．

  • STEM分野の職が増大する見込み

    • 米国民の13%が何らかの障害をもつ．(Census Bureau’s 2014 American Community Survey)

    • STEM分野の仕事は17%増加，非STEM分野の仕事は10%増加（2008-2018），アメリカは百万人のSTEM分野の博士号取得者が必要(Cozzens & Moon, 2014, Improving Accessibility and Inclusion in STEM Graduate Education, Georgia Tech)．

    • 障害者をふくめたマイノリティのSTEM分野への参入が，労働人口の不足を解決策として期待されている(Tsui, 2007, Effective strategies to increase diversity in STEM fields: a reviewe of the research literature. J Negro Education 76:16:19.)．

• 芸術科学会論文誌 Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 110 – 117 (2017) Botanical Puppet: 電気刺激によるオジギソウの制御

• DIY Microscope

• Cell phone microhttps://backyardbrains.com/experiments/RoachScopeHighPower

• Diversity in Neuroscience - Enhancing Diversity in the Scientific Workforce

• Tosh, C. R. (2016). Can computational efficiency alone drive the evolution of modularity in neural networks?. Scientific reports, 6, 31982. モジュラリティは，効率性のみで説明できない Non-gradualistic evolutionary simulations in which multi-modularity is obtained through duplication of existing architecture appear viable. Fundamentally, this study indicates that computational efficiency alone does not drive the evolution of modularity, even in large biological networks, but it may still be a viable mechanism when networks evolve by non-gradualistic means.

• Jackson, D. E. (2008). Sympatric speciation: Perfume preferences of orchid bee lineages. Current Biology, 18(23), R1092-R1093.

  • A major difference between pheromones and other signals is that pheromones are categorical, rather than graded, and the presence or absence of one component fundamentally changes the signal [7]. Symonds, M.R.E., and Elgar, M.A. (2008). The evolution of pheromone diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 220–228.

  • The evolution of pheromone composition is suggested [8] to have progressed by two possible routes: a slow and gradual change of components, such that related species share closely related or identical compounds; and major changes leading to saltational shifts with very divergent phenotypes . Symonds, M.R.E., and Elgar, M.A. (2003). The mode of pheromone evolution: evidence from bark beetles. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 271, 839–846.

• CEOSE Biennial Report, Mini-Symposium on Women of Color in STEM, https://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/activities/ceose/reports/2009-2010_CEOSEBiennialReportToCongress.pdf

  • U.S. universities conferred 20,560 doctoral degrees in STEM fields in 2009.

  • Students with disabilities made up 1.7 percent of STEM doctorate recipients in 2009, an increase from 1.5 percent in 1998. The number of STEM doctorates earned by students with disabilities surpassed the number in non-STEM fields for the first time in 2008 – 334 STEM doctorates (53 percent) vs. 294 non-STEM doctorates. In 2009, students with disabilities earned 349 doctorates in STEM fields (52 percent) and 320 doctorates in non-STEM fields. Physical/orthopedic and learning disabilities were the most common disabilities of STEM doctorate recipients.

• がん治療と仕事の両立支援の在り方

• 障害のある学生等に対する大学の支援に関する調査結果報告書 平成 29 年 11 月

• Chakraborty, M., & Jarvis, E. D. (2015). Brain evolution by brain pathway duplication. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 370(1684), 20150056.

• Tosches, M. A. (2017). Developmental and genetic mechanisms of neural circuit evolution. Developmental biology.

• Windows10をセーフモードで起動するための6つの方法 http://otarunet.com/it/windows10-safemode/#6

April 2018

• 視覚障害者の教育に関わる網羅的なリンク

• Sonic Severn, http://www.sonicsevern.co.uk/

• Digital Curve Tracer解説，http://www.paleo-fossil.com/research/pc_freesoft.html

• GraphScanの解説，http://www.tarj.org/muy3g2rct-389/

• イラストから線画，http://mizti.hatenablog.com/entry/2017/01/22/103503

• Sonification in Matlab, http://biomathematicus.blogspot.jp/2013/02/sonification-of-surfaces-in-matlab.html

• 「DigiGraph」，MATLAB FileExchange，http://jp.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/13569-digigraph

• http://imechanica.org/node/1609

• Image Data Sonification in Medicine，https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265450934_IMAGE_DATA_SONIFICATION_IN_MEDICINE

• Make your Chart and Graphs 508 Compliant

• Making graphics accessible to the visually impaired By Stephanie Kanowitz Mar 29, 2017, http://www.msktc.org/lib/docs/KT_Toolkit/Charts_and_Graphs/Charts_and_Graphics_508c.pdf

• SAS® University Edition: QuickStart Guide for Students with VisualImpairments

• 小学校教科書のグラフの音声化ルールの提案

• 氏間先生，うじらぼ，http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ujima/src/index_j.html

• 長屋竜治, & 高木昇. (2011). 数学グラフの成分抽出法の検討. In 日本知能情報ファジィ学会 ファジィ システム シンポジウム 講演論文集 第 27 回ファジィシステムシンポジウム (pp. 322-322). 日本知能情報ファジィ学会.

• 長屋竜治, 陳建軍, & 髙木昇. (2012). 数学グラフからの破線グラフ成分の抽出方法について. In 日本知能情報ファジィ学会 ファジィ システム シンポジウム 講演論文集 第 28 回ファジィシステムシンポジウム (pp. 91-96). 日本知能情報ファジィ学会.

• 高木昇, 守井清吾, & 本吉達郎. (2015). 点図ディスプレイを使った視覚障碍者のための作図支援システムの試作と評価. In 日本知能情報ファジィ学会 ファジィ システム シンポジウム 講演論文集 第 31 回ファジィシステムシンポジウム (pp. 544-547). 日本知能情報ファジィ学会.

• 田中成典, 安彦智史, 塚田義典, & 平松祐樹. (2014). 距離画像センサを用いた視覚障がい者の歩行支援システムに関する研究開発. 映像情報メディア学会誌, 68(7), J265-J275.

• 大町真一郎，http://www.aso.ecei.tohoku.ac.jp/~machi/

  • • グラフの認識

      • 文書画像から知識を抽出するにはテキスト以外のグラフ等の情報も重要です。折れ線を追跡することにより、様々な種類の折れ線グラフを認識する手法を開発しました。左下図は論文中のグラフ画像の例、この画像から折れ線を追跡し、再構成したのが右下図です。様々な折れ線が正しく追跡できていることがわかります。