China Launches Second Lunar Probe

from SpaceDaily.com > http://www.spacedaily.com/afp/101001173408.kdmmqt9j.html

BEIJING, Oct 2 (AFP) Oct 01, 2010China on Friday celebrated 61 years of communist rule with the launch of its second lunar probe -- the next step in its ambitious program to become the second country to put a man on the moon.A Long March 3C rocket carrying the Chang'e-2, which is due to go into orbit within 15 kilometers (nine miles) of the moon, blasted off from the launch center in Xichang in the southwestern province of Sichuan, state media said.

China Central Television briefly showed images of the rocket blasting off into the night sky -- a few seconds after lift-off -- before shifting to scenes inside the launch center and computerized models of the rocket's flight.

The unmanned probe will conduct various tests over a six-month period in preparation for the expected launch in 2013 of the Chang'e-3, which China hopes will be its first unmanned landing on the moon.

"Chang'e-2 lays a foundation for the soft-landing on the moon and the further exploration of outer space," the official Xinhua news agency quoted the chief designer of China's lunar orbiter project, Wu Weiren, as saying.

"It travels faster and closer to the moon, and it will capture clear pictures."

The probe successfully entered its trans-lunar orbit, Xinhua said. It will take five days for the Chang'e-2 to arrive at its lunar orbit.

It will first circle the moon at a distance of 100 kilometers, before hopefully dropping into orbit 15 kilometers from the moon's surface.

The control center declared the launch a success, Xinhua said, after the solar panels of the probe were unfolded and the satellite began to use solar energy for power supply.

The Chang'e program, named after a mythical Chinese goddess who flew to the moon, is seen as an effort to put China's space exploration program on a par with those of the United States and Russia.

The first lunar probe, launched in October 2007, was in orbit for 16 months.

Beijing hopes to bring a moon rock sample back to earth in 2017, with a manned mission penciled in for around 2020, according to state media.

The launch day was symbolic as it is China's National Day, which marks Mao Zedong's proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic in 1949.

People arrived early to watch the take-off, an employee at the launch site's tourism department, who refused to be named, told AFP.

"A stand has been built for them, and tickets cost 800 yuan (120 dollars)," she said, adding the whole area had been sealed off.

China sees its space program as a symbol of its global stature, growing technical expertise, and the Communist Party's success in turning around the fortunes of the formerly poverty-stricken nation.

It became the world's third nation to put a man in space independently -- after the United States and Russia -- when Yang Liwei piloted the one-man Shenzhou-5 space mission in 2003.

In September 2008, the Shenzhou-7, piloted by three astronauts, carried out China's first space walk.

The Americans have achieved the only manned lunar missions, making six trips from 1969 to 1972.

Beijing has other significant Asian competitors to reckon with as it vies to become the second nation to put a man on the moon.

India landed a lunar probe in 2008, and a top official said in January it was targeting a manned space mission in 2016. Japan, meanwhile, launched its first lunar satellite in June last year.

Earlier this year, China postponed the next step in its space station program -- the placement of the Tiangong-1 space module in orbit -- until 2011 for technical reasons, state media reported.

The Tiangong-1, or "Heavenly Palace," is seen as the building block of China's maiden space station. Weighing about 8.5 tonnes, it would provide a "safe room" for astronauts to live in and conduct research in zero gravity.

After being placed in orbit, the Tiangong-1 would dock with the unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft in the country's first space docking -- a feat to be controlled remotely by scientists on the ground.

Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10, carrying two to three astronauts, would dock with the orbiting module in successive years, officials have said.

The International Space Station began with the launch into orbit of the first station element, a Russian-built module, in 1998. The first full-time crew arrived two years later.

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Latest Ares I-X Launch News

Ares I-X Mission Updates - The USA's Successor to the Space Shuttle

Tue, 27 Oct 2009 05:08:16 AM EDT

Glowing in the brilliant-white xenon lights around Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the Ares I-X flight test rocket is poised for an 8 a.m. EDT Oct 27 liftoff.

You can follow the countdown live on our official launch blog at: www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/flighttests/aresIx/launch_blog.html, and on NASA TV, which is also streaming live at www.nasa.gov/ntv.

As of the 2 a.m. EDT Oct 27 weather update, today's forecast still remains at 60 percent "no-go" due to possible clouds and precipitation in the launch area. A new weather balloon was just released and weather updates will continue throughout the countdown today.

The launch team's "call to stations" came at 12:30 a.m., and the countdown picked up a half hour later. The team will count down to the only built-in hold in the Ares I-X countdown, coming at the T-4 minute mark. This hold will last for 20 minutes. The launch window for today extends until noon.

Ares I-X Flight Test

At Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, and xenon lights illuminate the Ares I-X rocket awaiting liftoff of its flight test. Image credit: NASA TV

Launch Vehicle: Ares I-X

Launch Date: Oct. 27

Launch Time: 8 a.m. EDT

Launch Pad: 39B

Launch Site: NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida

NASA's first flight test for the agency's next-generation spacecraft and launch vehicle system, called Ares I-X, will bring NASA one step closer to its exploration goals. The flight test will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I.

More Information

› Prelaunch Events and Countdown Details

› Ares I-X Press Kit (PDF, 3.2 MB )

› Ares I-X Fact Sheet (PDF, 1.0 MB)

› Ares I-X Mission Specifications (PDF, 8 MB)

› Status Reports

› Management Bios

› Ares I-X Integration Map (PDF, 4 MB)

› Comment on the upcoming Ares I-X launch

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DAWN MISSION HAS ITS FIRST MILESTONE - MARS GRAVITY ASSIST - SCROLL TO BOTTOM FOR MORE

March 4th, 2009

As Seen on America's Highways This Week

Written by Nancy Atkinson

Imagine driving along in your car, minding your own business and getting passed by this. It could happen to you this week. This is a 13.7 meter (45 feet) -long full-scale mock-up that's part of the rocket assembly for the launch abort system for the new Orion crew exploration vehicle. The system hit the road on Tuesday, March 3, 2009, and is traveling from NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va., to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico to undergo the first flight tests of the system. The launch abort system will allow the astronaut crew to safely escape in the event of an emergency during launch.

The mock-up, also known as the LAS pathfinder, represents the size, outer shape and specific mass characteristics of Orion's abort system.

The real system will be composed of solid rocket motors, separation mechanisms, and an adapter structure to provide escape capability for the Orion crew from pad operations through ascent. The new design, built by Orbital Sciences Corp. is key in vastly improving the safety of the flight crew as compared to what the shuttle has.

In case you're wondering, in the background are large, white vacuum spheres used at the hypersonic wind tunnel complex at Langley.

Source: NASA

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March 1st, 2009

Chang'e 1 Bites the (Moon) Dust

Written by Nancy Atkinson

Chang'e-1, China's first lunar probe successfully concluded its mission early March 1 by impacting the surface of the Moon at 8:13 GMT. The satellite conducted a 16-month mission, mapping and creating three-dimensional images of the lunar surface. The planned impact was designed to help China gather experience for landing a subsequent lunar probe. China's State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense said the spacecraft hit the lunar surface at 1.50 degrees south latitude and 52.36 degrees east longitude.

Several performance tests were carried out while Chang'e-1 was in orbit to give engineers experience in orbit adjustment, and to test the spacecraft's capability. It's also difficult for satellites to remain in lunar orbit for long periods of time because of the usual concentrations of mass or "mascons" within the Moon, which also distort satellite orbits, causing spacecraft to ultimately impact the surface.

"The second phase of the space program aims at soft landing, and the preparation is currently in progress", said Wu Weiren, chief designer of the country's lunar probe program.

Landing at the Moon's South Pole - Same Day as the STS -126 Launch

The Moon Impact Probe was successfully crash-landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008, 20:31 Indian Standard Time (15:01 UTC) near the south pole.^[8] MIP is one of the 11 other scientific instruments (payloads) on board Chandrayaan-1.^[9] India became the fourth nation to have its flag on the Moon's surface, and the first to make a controlled lunar descent since Soviet probe Luna 24 in 1976.

MIP separated from Chandrayaan-1 at 20:06 hrs IST, starting its 25 minute journey^[10] to the lunar surface. After separation it fired its spin up rockets, it then fired its retro rocket to start its descent.^[10][8] As it fell it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which beamed the information back to earth. The probe functioning terminated after its planned hard landing on the lunar surface.^[10][9]

Moon Impact Probe

Moon Impact Probe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency, was a lunar probe carried by Chandrayaan-1, an unmanned lunar exploration mission of the ISRO.

Launch

The spacecraft was launched along with Chandrayaan-1 by a modified version of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.^[1][2] Chandrayaan-1 was successfully put into lunar orbit on 8th November 2008.^[3]

It was ejected when Chandrayaan-1 reached the 100 km circular polar orbit around the Moon, to impact on the Moon's surface and went into a free fall for 30 minutes. The MIP also depicted pictures of the Indian flag on its sides. With this India became the fourth nation to have an image of its flag deposited on the surface of the Moon^[4] after the Soviet Union, United States and Japan.^[5]

The probe crashed into the Moon at 8:31 PM, 14 November 2008 IST at a speed of 1.6 kilometers per second, or 5,760 kilometers per hour (3,579 mph).^[6] It is currently unknown if the Indian flag image survived the impact without much damage.

Mission objectives

The primary objective of the mission was to demonstrate the technologies required for crash landing a probe within a specified location on the Moon, and qualify some of the technologies required for any future soft landing missions.^[4]

• • Design, development and demonstration of technologies required for crashing a probe near a desired location on the Moon.

  • Qualify technologies required for future soft landing missions.

  • Scientific exploration of the Moon from close range, i.e. just prior to crash landing.

Payload

The MIP carried three instruments:^[7]

• • Radar Altimeter – which measured the altitude of the probe during descent and provided information on qualifying technologies for future landing missions. The operating frequency band was 4.3 GHz ± 100 MHz.

  • Video Imaging System – acquired close range images of the surface of the Moon during descent and before impact. The video imaging system consisted of an analog CCD camera.

  • Mass Spectrometer – measured trace constituents of the lunar atmosphere during descent. This instrument was a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass resolution of 0.5 amu and sensitivities to partial pressures on the order of 1.3×10^-11 pascals.

External links

• • [http://news.yahoo.com/nphotos/India-Moon-Mission/ss/events/sc/102108indiamoonspace;_ylt=Au17RN4VMmxjhD7RNtoNfkX9xg8F

Yahoo, India Moon Mission]

References

• 1. ^ "Mission Sequence". Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO. Retrieved on 2008-11-05.

  2. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 shifted to VAB", The Hindu (2008-10-22). Retrieved on 15 October 2008.

  3. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit". ISRO. Retrieved on 2008-11-08.

  4. ^ ^{a b} "Payload bearing Tricolour will land on Moon", Economic Times (2008-10-15). Retrieved on 24 October 2008.

  5. ^ The multi-national European Space Agency also preceded India with a lunar lander, but apparently did not leave flags.

  6. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/11/14/india.moon.probe/index.html

  7. ^ "Moon Impact Probe (MIP)". ISRO. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.

  8. ^ ^{a b} "Indian Tricolour lands on Moon", The Indian Express (Nov 14, 2008). Retrieved on 14 November 2008.

  9. ^ ^{a b} "Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on moon". Times of India. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.

  10. ^ ^{a b c} "Indian Tricolour Placed on the Moon". ISRO. Retrieved on 2008-11-15.

SCROLL DOWN TO SEE MORE ABOUT THE CHANDRAYAAN 1 MISSION TO THE MOON

Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX)

NSSDC ID: 2008-051A

Description

The Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) is an Earth-orbiting mission designed to make observations beyond the solar system's termination shock using energetic neutral atoms (ENAs). The spacecraft is equipped with two large aperture imagers which detect ENAs with energies from 10 eV to 2 keV (IBEX-Lo) and 300 eV to 6 keV (IBEX-Hi). On 19 October 2008 at 17:48 UT (1:48 p.m. EDT) IBEX was launched on a Pegasus XL rocket from an L-1011 aircraft flying about 200 km north of Kwajalein Island in the South Pacific. The Pegasus was put it into a 100 km low Earth orbit. Its solid rocket motor was then put it into a highly elliptical 11 degree inclination orbit an apogee of about 320,000 km to put it beyond interference from the Earth's magnetic field. The spacecraft propulsion system raised the perigee to 7000 km and leave IBEX in an eight day orbit, spinning at 4 rpm with a sun-facing axis. The mission is planned for a 24 month operations period with the possibility of extension.

The spacecraft is built on an octagonal base, roughly 58 cm high and 95 cm across. The dry mass is 80 kg of which the instrument payload comprises 26 kg. The fully fueled mass is 107 kg, and the entire flight system launch mass, including the ATK Star 27 solid rocket motor, is 462 kg. The spacecraft itself has a hydrazine attitude control system. Power is produced by a solar array with a 116 W capability, nominal power use is 66 W (16 W for the payload). Communications are via two hemispherical antennas with a nominal downlink data rate of 320 kbps and an uplink rate of 2 kbps.

For more detailed information see the IBEX mission page at: http://ibex.swri.edu/mission/index.shtml

Alternate Names

• Explorer 91

• 33401

Facts in Brief

Launch Date: 2008-10-19

Launch Vehicle: Pegasus XL

Launch Site: Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands

Mass: 80.0 kg

Interstellar Boundary Explorer - aka IBEX - WAS LAUNCHED Oct 19 - 1:47:23 PM EDT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

h

UPDATE:

IBEX Mapping Solar System's Unseen Boundary

BY KULVINDER SINGH CHADHA

from ASTRONOMY NOW

Posted: 2009 JANUARY 19

NASA’s Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission has

begun building the first maps of the edge of our Solar System, something that has never been done until now.

IBEX is an ingenious spacecraft that uses energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging to create images of the interactions between the one million kilometre-per-hour solar wind (blown out in all directions by the Sun) and the low-density material that lies between the stars (the interstellar medium). The solar wind 'blows out' a bubble in the intersetallr medium, called the heliosphere. The boundary where the heliosphere meets the interstellar medium is considered to be the end of the Solar System environment, and the beginning of interstellar space.

The interactions at the boundary create neutral atoms, some of which rebound back towards Earth, and it is these that IBEX uses in its map-creation. They rebound from the edge with speeds between 100 kilometres and 36 million kilometres per hour. Each ENA sensor uses a charge-exchange process that converts incoming neutral atoms into charged ions, enabling them to be analyzed.

"We are seeing fabulous initial results from IBEX, but just as

artisans use looms to build up colourful textiles by weaving one thread at a time, the IBEX sensors also need time — six months — to build up a complete map of the sky," says Dr. David McComas, IBEX principal investigator and senior executive director of the Space Science and Engineering Division at Southwest Research Institute. "So far, the intricate pattern of this fascinating interaction is only just beginning to disclose itself to us."

IBEX's initial mapping of the boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium, using the high-speed neutral atoms originating from the boundary (click for larger image). Image: Southwest Research Institute.

IBEX’s sensors look out from opposite sides of the spacecraft, perpendicular to the craft’s Sun-orientated spin axis. As IBEX spins at four revolutions per minute, the incoming ENAs fill in the pixels to gradually build a circular swath that appears as a crescent on the map. As the spacecraft's spin axis tracks the Sun, the swaths move across the sky to complete the image in the way McComas describes.

IBEX will not only enable researchers to examine the dynamics of the outer heliosphere, it will also address a serious issue facing manned exploration by studying the region that shields Earth from the Galactic cosmic rays.

"The space physics community is holding its collective breath waiting for these maps, which will provide a much deeper understanding of the Sun's interaction with the Galaxy," says McComas. "We expect the first complete image, due this summer, to tell us a great deal about the heliosphere's fundamental nature."

McComas will give a talk today at the ‘Voyagers in the

Heliosheath’ meeting, held in Kauai, Hawaii, on IBEX.

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The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a NASA satellite that will make the first map of the boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space. The mission is part of NASA's Small Explorer program. IBEX was launched on a Pegasus-XL rocket on October 19, 2008, at 17:47:23 GMT.^[2] The nominal mission baseline duration will be two years to image the entire solar system boundary.

The mission is being led by the Southwest Research Institute, with Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center serving as Co-Investigator institutions responsible for the IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo sensors respectively. Orbital Sciences Corporation provided the spacecraft bus and was the location for spacecraft environmental testing.

Payload

The heliospheric boundary of the solar system will be imaged by measuring the location and magnitude of charge-exchange collisions occurring in all directions that will ultimately yield a map of the termination shock of the solar wind. The satellite's payload consists of two energetic neutral atom (ENA) imagers, IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo. Each of these sensors consists of a collimator that limits field of view, a conversion surface to convert neutral hydrogen and oxygen into ions, an electrostatic analyzer to suppress ultraviolet light and select ions of a specific energy range, and a detector to identify particle counts and the identity of each ion. IBEX-Hi will record particle counts at a higher energy band than IBEX-Lo. The payload also includes a Combined Electronics Unit (CEU) that controls the voltages on the collimator and ESA and will read and record data from the particle detectors of each sensor.

Mission parameters

The satellite is a sun-oriented spinner in a highly-eccentric elliptical Earth orbit, ranging from 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) at perigee to 250,000–300,000 kilometres (160,000–190,000 mi) or three-quarters the distance to the moon at apogee and allowing it to move out of the Earth's magnetosphere when performing science operations. This is critical due to the large degree of interference that would occur while imaging within the magnetosphere. When within the magnetosphere of the Earth (70,000 kilometres/43,000 miles), the satellite will perform housekeeping operations such as downlink. The spacecraft used a solid fuel rocket motor as a final boost stage to achieve this elliptical orbit.

Launch

IBEX was carried into space October 19, 2008 by a Pegasus XL rocket. The Pegasus was released from a Lockheed L-1011 aircraft that took off from Kwajalein Atoll in the South Pacific. The drop occurred at 17:47:23 GMT^[2] which was 1:47:23 PM Eastern Daylight Time. By launching from a site closer to the equator, the Pegasus lifted as much as 35 pounds (16 kg) more mass to orbit than it would have with a launch from Kennedy Space Center.^[3]

IBEX was mated to its Pegasus XL at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, and the combined vehicle was then mated to the L-1011 carrier aircraft.^[4] The L-1011 arrived at Kwajalein Atoll Sunday, Oct. 12.^[5]

References

• 1. ^ "IBEX satellite details". N2YO.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-21.

  2. ^ ^{a b} Ray, Justin (2008-10-19). "Mission Status Center". Pegasus/IBEX Launch Report. Spaceflight Now. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.

  3. ^ McComas, Dave. "IBEX November 2006". Southwest Research Institute.

  4. ^ "Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report". NASA KSC (Oct. 3, 2008).

  5. ^ "Interstellar Boundary Explorer Mission - Oct. 14, 2008 - Update". NASA.

External links

• IBEX mission website

  • IBEX Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

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JAPANESE LUNAR MISSION FAILS TO DETECT MORE WATER ON THE MOON

Life Will be Hard for Colonists - Kaguya Can't Find Water on the Moon

Written by Ian O'Neill

It's been a long-held belief that the Moon is hiding significant quantities of water ice, safe from the Sun's ablative effects inside shady craters. One such crater is called Shackleton at the lunar South Pole and previous Moon missions have indicated it might hold a large reservoir of ice for all the water needs of future Moon colonists. Alas, the Japanese lunar mission Kaguya (or the Selenological and Engineering Explorer - "SELENE") has taken a peek into the crater to find… nothing. At least, it hasn't spotted any significant quantities of surface ice. So where does this leave future lunar colonies?

In 1994, the US Clementine lunar orbiter (a joint venture between NASA and the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization) carried out the "Bistatic Radar Experiment" which involved bouncing radio signals from the probe's transmitter from the lunar poles. The reflected signal was then received by the Deep Space Network antennae on Earth. Scientists deduced from the reflected signal that volatile ices were present in the lunar regolith, most probably water ice. However, this claim was disputed after a similar experiment was done using the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico. This time, radio signals were reflected from regions on the Moon bathed in sunlight (where it would be impossible for water ice to survive) and identical results to the Clementine mission were found.

NASA's 1998 Lunar Prospector also had mixed results. Using its Neutron Spectrometer (NS) instrument, the probe had detected large quantities of water, leading NASA to make the estimate that 3 billion metric tons of water ice was located at or near the surface of the Moon in its polar regions. However, when the mission ended in 1999, the Lunar Prospector was deliberately crashed into a crater in the lunar South Pole in the hope of kicking up a plume of lunar surface material and detecting water ice from Earth. Unfortunately, no water was discovered. (Out of interest, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, set for launch in April 2009, has a similar suicidal goal to put a divot in the Moon.)

Now, using the Japanese lunar mission Kaguya, scientists have taken the opportunity to have a closer look into the Shackleton crater, the most likely candidate to have a supply of water ice shaded from the Sun. As there is no atmosphere (apart from some very tenuous outgassed chemicals), sunlight cannot be scattered into the bottom of the crater to illuminate its surface. However, scientists have taken images during lunar mid-summer when enough light is scattered off the crater's upper inner wall to faintly brighten the darkness below.

Although it is very cold inside the crater (-183°C or -297°F), certainly ideal conditions to preserve ice, there is no visual evidence of any surface ice at all.

Although this isn't great news for future lunar colonists, don't pack up your Moon buggies quite yet. The Japanese team have concluded that although there is no visual brightening due to ice, water ice may be mixed in low quantities with the lunar dirt. Or there's simply no ice in Shackleton crater. Either way, I wouldn't suggest mounting a manned expedition to Shackleton any time soon…

Source: Space.com

SELENE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

SELENE (Ancient Greek: Σελήνη, moon), better known in Japan by its nickname Kaguya (かぐや, Kaguya^?), is the second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft.^[1]Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA), the spacecraft was launched September 14, 2007. Produced by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and NASDA (both organizations that are now part of the

The name stands for Selenological and Engineering Explorer; Selene was a lunar deity in Greek mythology. The orbiter's nickname, Kaguya, which was selected by the general public, derives from the name of a lunar princess in the ancient Japanese folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.^[2] After the successful release of its sub-satellites Rstar and Vstar, they were named Okina and Ouna, also from folklore.^[3]

SELENE comes as part of a renewed interest in lunar exploration, being "the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program",^[4] and following up on Japan's first lunar probe, Hagoromo, launched in 1990.^[1][5] China launched its Chang'e 1 lunar explorer on October 24, 2007, followed by India's 22 October 2008 launch of Chandrayaan, the United States is also planning to launch its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in late 2008. The United States, European countries (ESA), Russia, Japan, India and China are planning future manned lunar exploration missions or Lunar outpost construction on the moon between 2018 and 2025.^[6]

Mission objectives

The main scientific objectives of the mission are:

• • Study the origins of the Moon and its geologic evolution

  • Obtain information about the lunar surface environment

  • Perform radio science on lunar orbit

Launch

SELENE launched at 01:31:01, September 14, 2007 UTC on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center into a 281.55 km (perigee) / 232960 km (apogee) geocentric parking orbit.^{[7] [8]} The total launch mass was 3020 kg.^[9]

The SELENE mission was originally scheduled to launch in 2003, but rocket failures on another mission and technical difficulties delayed the launch until 2007.^[10] Launch was planned for August 16, 2007, but was postponed due to the discovery that some electronic components were installed incorrectly.^[11]

Lunar operations

On October 3, it reached the moon and entered an initial 101 by 11741 km polar orbit.^[12] On October 9, the relay satellite was released to an approximately 100 by 2400 km orbit, and on October 12 the VLBI satellite was released to an approximately 100 by 800 km orbit.^[3] Finally, by October 19, the orbiter moved to an approximately 100 km circular orbit.^[13] The nominal operation of the mission is one year, with extension if possible.

JAXA announced on October 31, 2007 that Kaguya deployed its Lunar Magnetometer, Lunar Radar Sounder, as well as the Earth-looking Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Imager.

JAXA announced on December 21, 2007 that the operation mode of the lunar explorer, KAGUYA, was shifted to regular operations from its initial verification on December 21, 2007 (Japan Standard Time) as they were able to acquire satisfactory verification results for all fifteen observation missions.

Design

There are three separate units comprising the spacecraft.

Main orbiter

The main orbiter is a rectangular box measuring about 2.1 m by 4.2 m, with a launch mass of about 2914 kg.^[9]

Mass: 2914 kg

Size: 2.1 x 2.1 x 4.8 m

Attitude control: Three-axis stabilized

Power: 3.5 kW (Max.)

Mission period: 1 year

Mission orbit: Circular orbit

Altitude 100 km

Inclination 90 degree

Okina (small relay satellite)

Okina, a small relay satellite (formerly called Rstar) and Ouna, a VLBI satellite (formerly called Vstar) are both octagonal prisms. The relay satellite relays the radio wave from the Earth to the orbiter and also the opposite direction, when the orbiter is hidden behind the moon, to measure the Doppler shift.

Mass: 53 kg^[9]

Size: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.65 m

Attitude control: spin-stabilized

Power: 70 W

Orbit (initial orbit):

Elliptical orbit (100 km x 2400 km)

Inclination 90 degrees

Ouna (VLBI satellite)

The Vstar (Very Long Baseline Interferometry satellite) will be used to measure the moon's gravity field, especially of the lunar limb area, where the Doppler shift method cannot be used.

Mass: 53 kg

Size: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.65 m

Attitude control: spin-stabilized

Power: 70 W

Orbit (initial orbit):

Elliptical orbit (100 km x 800 km)

Inclination 90 degrees

Payload

SELENE carries 13 scientific instruments, including imagers, a radar sounder, a laser altimeter, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and a gamma ray spectrometer. Their objectives are "to obtain scientific data of the lunar origin and evolution and to develop the technology for the future lunar exploration", according to the official website.^[14]

• • Terrain camera (TC) (resolution 10 meters per pixel)^[15]

  • X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRS)

  • Lunar magnetometer (LMAG)

  • Spectral profiler (SP) (resolution per pixel is 562 by 400 m)

  • Multi-band imager (MI) (resolution of visible light 20 meters per pixel, near-infrared 62 meters per pixel)

  • Laser altimeter (LALT)

  • Lunar radar sounder (LRS)

  • Gamma ray spectrometer (GRS)

  • Charged particle spectrometer (CPS)

  • Plasma analyzer (PACE)

  • Upper atmosphere and plasma imager (UPI)

  • Radio wave repeater (RSAT) aboard Okina

  • Radio wave source for VLBI (VRAD) aboard Okina and Ouna

Also, an HDTV camera with 3*CCD 2.2 megapixels, one wide-angle camera and one telephoto camera are on board, primarily for public relations purposes.

Along with scientific instruments, JAXA collected names and messages to be carried on SELENE through their "Wish Upon the Moon" campaign.^[16] The 412,627 names and messages collected were printed on a sheet measuring 280 mm × 160 mm, at a size of 70 µm per character. The sheet was installed under the photovoltaic modules and the cooling panels for the instruments, beneath the multi-layered insulation.^[17]

References

• 1. ^ ^{a b} "Kaguya – Another Chapter for the Lunar Saga", Red Orbit (14 September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-14.

  2. ^ ""KAGUYA" selected as SELENE's nickname". Retrieved on 2007-10-13.

  3. ^ ^{a b} (2007-10-12). "KAGUYA (SELENE) / Result of the Separation of the VRAD Satellite (Vstar)". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-10-13.

  4. ^ "SELENE: The largest lunar mission since the Apollo program". Retrieved on 2008-04-21.

  5. ^ "Hiten". NASA. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.

  6. ^ "NASA Authorization Act of 2008 - Section 404 - Lunar Outpost". Library of Congress (2008-10-22).

  7. ^ Emily Lakdawalla (2007-09-14). "Kaguya Rockets Toward the Moon". Retrieved on 2007-09-15.

  8. ^ MHI / JAXA. "H-IIAロケット13号機による月周回衛星「かぐや」の打上げ結果について（速報）" (in Japanese). Retrieved on 1997-09-19.

  9. ^ ^{a b c} "平成19年度夏期ロケット打ち上げおよび追跡管制計画書 (Rocket Launch and Tracking Control Plan, Summer 2007)" (PDF) (in Japanese). MHI / JAXA.

  10. ^ "Japan launches first lunar probe" (14 September 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-14.

  11. ^ "Launch Postponement of the KAGUYA (SELENE)" (2007-07-20). Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

  12. ^ JAXA (2007-10-05). "KAGUYA (SELENE) Result of the Lunar Orbit Injection Maneuver (LOI1) - Lunar orbit injection was confirmed -". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-10-05.

  13. ^ "かぐや/H-IIA13号機 打上げ特設サイト" (in Japanese). Retrieved on 2007-10-01.

  14. ^ "Kaguya (SELENE)". JAXA. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.

  15. ^ "LISM [TC, MI, SP]". Kaguya (SELENE). JAXA. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.

  16. ^ The Planetary Society (2007-01-11). "Send a New Year's Message to the Moon on Japan's SELENE Mission: Buzz Aldrin, Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.

  17. ^ "セレーネ「月に願いを!」(SELENE "Wish Upon the Moon!")" (in Japanese). JAXA (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-14.

See also

• Selene-2

• List of future lunar missions

• Exploration of the Moon

t] External links

Wikinews has related news:

Japan's lunar probe performing 'smoothly' after successful launch

• • (English) Official project site, JAXA

  • (English) Official launch information site, JAXA

  • SELENE Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

  • (English) SELENE overview, ISAS/JAXA

  • ************************************************************************************************************************************************

Date set for Indian Moon mission - UPDATE - LAUNCH OCCURRED

ON SCHEDULE - SEE BELOW

After a successful maneuver early today (October 26, 2008), the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft has crossed the 150,000 km distance mark from Earth, officially entering deep space, on course for the moon. This was the third orbit raising maneuver of the mission. The spacecraft’s 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes, beginning at 07:08 IST. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered a much higher elliptical orbit around the Earth. The apogee (farthest point from Earth) of this orbit lies at 164,600 km while the perigee (nearest point from Earth) is at 348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about 73 hours to go round the Earth once. NOTE: IST STANDS FOR INDIAN STANDARD TIME

To compare, Chandrayaan's initial orbit had a perigee of 255 km and an apogee of 22,860 km, with about a 6.5-hour period. After the second boost from its engines, Chandrayaan raised its apogee to 37,900 kilometers, and increased its orbit period to 11 hours.

Engineers from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are also providing backup navigation assistance to the Indian Space Agency in Bangalore, India, by helping to track the flight dynamics. The antennas of the Indian Deep Space Network at Byalalu are being used for tracking and communicating with Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in its high orbit. From the image below, you can see how additional orbit raising maneuvers in the next few days will take Chandrayaan-1 towards the Moon, and then into lunar orbit. Currently, the spacecraft is scheduled to reach lunar orbit on November 8.

Chandrayaan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Chandrayaan-1 (Sanskrit: चंद्रयान-1, lit: Lunar Craft), is an unmanned lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency. The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 22 October 2008.

The remote sensing satellite weighs 1,308 kilograms (2,884 lb) (590 kilograms (1,301 lb) initial orbit mass and 504 kilograms (1,111 lb) dry mass) and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain water ice.^[1]

The ISRO has nominated Mylswamy Annadurai to be the Project Chief. The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 6:22 AM Indian Standard Time (00:52 UTC).^[2] After the spacecraft reaches its lunar transfer orbit, it will take 5.5 days to reach the Moon. ^[3] They estimate the cost to be Rs. 3.86 billion (US$ 80 million).

The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies such as NASA and ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which is being carried free of cost.^[4]

India Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari forthwith sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch.^[5][6]

Mission objectives

• • To launch and orbit a spacecraft in lunar polar orbit and conduct scientific studies.

  • To carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about the origin and evolution of the Solar System in general and that of the Moon in particular, including its composition and mineralogy.

  • Realize the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support system including DSN station, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilization by identified group of scientists.

Specifications

Weight

1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit,^[7] and 523 kg after releasing the impactor.

Dimensions

Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m

Communications

X band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency.

Power

The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 X 1.8 m² generating 700W of power, which is stored in a 36 A/h Lithium-ion battery.^[8] The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and attitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon.^[7]

Specific areas of study

• • High resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of permanently shadowed north and south polar regions.

  • Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, specially at lunar poles.

  • Identification of chemical end members of lunar high land rocks.

  • Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of central upland of large lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR) etc., where interior material may be expected.

  • To map the height variation of the lunar surface features along the satellite track.

  • Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5m resolution

  • To provide new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and evolution.

The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains six Indian instruments and six foreign instruments.

• • The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) has 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon.^[9]

  • The Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m.

  • The Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) will determine the surface topography.

  • An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (C1XS) covering 1- 10 keV with a ground resolution of 25 km and a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to detect solar flux in the 1–10 keV range.^[10] C1XS will be used to map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface, and will monitor the solar flux. This payload is a collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO.

  • A High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX) for 30- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²²Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements

  • Moon Impact probe(MIP) developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will be carried by Chandrayaan-1 and will be ejected once it reaches 100 km orbit around Moon, to impact on the Moon. MIP carries three more instruments, namely, a high resolution mass spectrometer, an S-Band altimeter and a video camera. The MIP also carries with it a picture of the Indian flag, its presence marking as only the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after Russia, United States and Japan.^[11]

  • Among foreign payloads, The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) from the ESA will map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface.^[12]

  • The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.

  • A near infrared spectrometer (SIR-2) from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR.^[13]

  • S-band miniSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarized radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarized radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarization ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.^[14]

  • Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM-7) from Bulgaria is to map the radiation environment around the Moon.

Space flight

Launch took place October 22, 2008 at 6.22 AM Indian Standard Time from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using ISRO's PSLV launch rocket. The rocket 44.4 metre tall four-stage rocket is supposed to launch the spacecraft into orbit. Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will be tracking and controlling Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.^[15]

Since its perfect launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into the designated geostationary orbit (GEO) around earth and has successfully communicated with base center.

Once in GEO Chandrayaan's on-board motor will be fired to take it to the lunar orbit with 1,019 km perigee and 386,194 km apogee from the Earth around November 8. This orbit will take the spacecraft to the vicinity of the moon.

As the spacecraft approaches the moon, its speed will be reduced to enable the gravity of the moon to capture it into an elliptical orbit.^[16] A series of engine burns will then lower its orbit to its intended 100 km circular polar orbit. Following this, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) will be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 and all the scientific instruments/payloads are commissioned.

Chandrayaan II

The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named: Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on the Moon in 2010 or 2011, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do in situ chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth."

On November 12, 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan II project.^[17]

Chandrayaan II will consist of the spacecraft itself and a landing platform with the Moon rover. The platform with the rover will detach from the orbiter after the spacecraft reaches its orbit above the Moon, and land on lunar soil. Then the rover will roll out of the platform. Mylswamy Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan I, said: "Chandrayaan II will carry a semi-hard or soft-landing system. A motorised rover will be released on the Moon's surface from the lander. The location for the lander will be identified using Chandrayaan I data."

The rover will weigh between 30 kg and 100 kg, depending on whether it is to do a semi-hard landing or soft landing. The rover will have an operating life-span of one month. It will run predominantly on solar power.

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NASA Lunar Outpost

According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, Chandrayaan's imagery will be used to decide the future Lunar outpost that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told SPACE.com, "India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar, Bussey advised--one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Bussey added, a Moon probe to be launched late in 2008.".^[18] (The LRO is now scheduled for launch 2009 MAY 7). SEE UPDATE ON THE NASA PAGE AT LEFT MENU.

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FROM WIKIPEDIA

FOR MORE INFORMATION GO TO: http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/live_shots.asp

Dawn, launched on September 27, 2007, is a robotic spacecraft being sent by NASA on a space exploration mission to the two most massive members of the asteroid belt: the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to explore Vesta between 2011 and 2012, and Ceres in 2015. It will be the first spacecraft to visit either body.

Dawn is innovative in that it will be the first spacecraft to enter into orbit around a celestial body, study it, and then re-embark under powered flight to proceed to a second target. All previous multi-target study missions—such as the Voyager program—have involved rapid planetary flybys.

Launch

Dawn was scheduled to launch from pad 17-B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on a Delta 7925-H rocket.^[2] On April 10, 2007, Dawn arrived at the Astrotech Space Operations subsidiary of SPACEHAB, Inc. in Titusville, Florida, where it was prepared for launch.^[3][4] Launch was originally scheduled for June 20, but was delayed until June 30 due to delays with part deliveries.^[5] A broken crane at the launch pad, used to raise the solid rocket boosters, delayed the launch for a week, until July 7, but on June 15 the second stage was successfully hoisted into position.^[6][7] A mishap at the Astrotech Space Operations facility, involving slight damage to one of the solar arrays, did not have an effect on the launch date, however bad weather caused the launch to slip to July 8. Range tracking problems then delayed the launch to July 9, and then July 15, before the launch was delayed further to avoid knock-on delays with the Phoenix mission to Mars, which was successfully launched on August 4.

Launch of Dawn was then rescheduled for September 26, 2007.^[8][9] However the launch was then delayed to September 27, due to bad weather delaying fuelling of the second stage, the same problem which had earlier delayed the July 7 launch attempt. The launch window extended from 7:20 a.m. - 7:49 a.m. EDT (11:20 - 11:49 GMT).^[10] During the final built-in hold at T-4 minutes, a ship entered the exclusion area offshore, the sea strip where the rocket boosters are likely to fall after separation. The ship was commanded to leave the area, then the launch had to wait for the end of a collision avoidance window with the ISS.^[11] The spacecraft finally launched at 7:34 a.m. EDT from pad 17-B on a Delta II launch vehicle.^[12][13][14]

The launch rocket propelled Dawn to 11.46 kilometers per second (25,600 miles per hour) relative to earth.^[15] Thereafter Dawn's ion thrusters took over.

Status

After initial checkout, during which the ion thrusters accumulated more than 11 days of thrust, Dawn began long-term cruise propulsion on December 17, 2007.^[16] On October 31, 2008, Dawn completed its first thrusting phase to send it on to Mars for a gravity assist flyby in February 2009. During this first interplanetary cruise phase Dawn has spent 270 days, or 85% of this phase using its thrusters. It has expended less than 72 kilograms (158 pounds) of Xenon propellant for a total change in velocity of 1.81 kilometers per second (4050 miles per hour). On November 20, 2008, Dawn performed its first trajectory correction maneuver (TCM1), firing its #1 thruster for 2 hours, 11 minutes. Following Dawn's solar conjunction, an originally scheduled course correction maneuver in January 2009 was determined not necessary. Dawn is scheduled to make its closest approach to Mars on February 17, 2009.^[17][18]

Mission

The mission's goal is to characterise the conditions and processes of the solar system's earliest epoch by investigating in detail two of the largest protoplanets remaining intact since their formation. Ceres and Vesta have many contrasting characteristics that are thought to have resulted from them forming in two different regions of the early solar system; Ceres is theorized to have experienced a "cool and wet" formation that may have left it with subsurface water, and Vesta is theorised to have experienced a "hot and dry" formation that resulted in a differentiated interior and surface volcanism.

Using a framing camera along with two redundant cameras,^[19] a visual and infared spectrometer, and a Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer,^[20]Dawn will take pictures and measure the chemical composition of Ceres and Vesta.^[21]

To cruise from Earth to its targets it will travel in a long outward spiral. The current estimated chronology is as follows:^[22]

• September 27, 2007: launch

• February 17, 2009: Mars gravity assist

• September 2011: Vesta arrival

• April 2012: Vesta departure

• February 2015: Ceres arrival

• July 2015: End of operations

NASA posts the current location of Dawn on the web.^[23]

An extended mission in which Dawn explores other asteroids after Ceres is also possible, although unlikely, as greater return is expected by spending the available time at Vesta and Ceres.^[24]

Mission team

The Dawn mission team is led by UCLA space scientist and Dawn Principal Investigator Christopher T. Russell. Michael Mook is the Dawn Program Manager at Orbital Sciences Corporation, which built the spacecraft. Armando Piloto is the Dawn Mission Manager at Kennedy Space Center. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory provided the Ion Propulsion System and management of the overall flight system development. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research provided the framing camera, the Italian Space Agency provided the mapping spectrometer, and the DOE Los Alamos National Laboratory provided the gamma ray and neutron spectrometer.^[25]

Motivation

Dawn is intended to study two large bodies in the asteroid belt in order to answer questions about the formation of the solar system.

Ceres and Vesta were chosen as two contrasting protoplanets, one apparently "wet" (that is, icy) and the other "dry" (or rocky), whose accretion was terminated by the formation of Jupiter. They provide a bridge in our understanding between the formation of rocky planets and the icy bodies of our solar system, and under what conditions a rocky planet can hold water.

The IAU adopted a new definition of planet on August 24, 2006, and thus, if the IAU's definition stands and the spacecraft experiences no delays, DawnNew Horizons at Pluto. will become the first mission to study a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres five months prior to the arrival of

Ceres is a dwarf planet whose mass comprises about one-third of the total mass of the bodies in the asteroid belt and whose spectral characteristics suggest a composition similar to that of a water-rich carbonaceous chondrite. Smaller Vesta, a water-poor achondritic asteroid, has experienced significant heating and differentiation. It shows signs of a metallic core, a Mars-like density and lunar-like basaltic flows.

Both bodies formed very early in the history of the solar system, thereby retaining a record of events and processes from the time of the formation of the terrestrial planets. Radionuclide dating of pieces of meteorites thought to come from Vesta suggests that Vesta differentiated quickly, in only three million years. Thermal evolution studies suggest that Ceres must have formed a little later, more than three million years after the

Moreover, Vesta is the source of many smaller objects in the solar system. Most (but not all) V-type near-Earth asteroids, and some outer main-belt asteroids have spectra similar to Vesta and are known as 'vestoids'. Five percent of the found meteoritic samples on Earth, the Howardite Eucrite Diogenite ("HED") meteorites, are thought to be the result of a collision or collisions with Vesta.

Mission cancellations and reinstatements

The status of the Dawn mission has changed several times. In December 2003, the project was first cancelled,^[26] and then reinstated in February 2004. In October 2005, work on Dawn was placed into "stand down" mode. In January 2006, Dawn's "stand down" was discussed in the press as "indefinitely postponed", even though NASA had announced no new decisions regarding the mission's status.^[27] On March 2, 2006, Dawn was publicly, but not formally cancelled by NASA headquarters.^[28]

However, the spacecraft's manufacturer Orbital Sciences Corporation appealed the decision and offered to build the spacecraft at cost, forgoing any profit in order to gain experience in a new market field. NASA then put the cancellation under review,^[29] and on March 27, 2006, it was announced that the mission would not be cancelled after all.^[30][31] In the last week of September 2006, the Dawn mission instrument payload integration reached a full functional status.

Propulsion system

The Dawn spacecraft is propelled by three DS1 heritage xenon ion thrusters (firing only one at a time). They have a specific impulse of 3100 s and produce a thrust of 90 mN.^[32] The whole spacecraft, including the ion propulsion thrusters, is powered by a 10 kW triple-junction photovoltaic solar array.^[33] To get to Vesta, Dawn will use 275 kg (606 lb) Xe and another 110 kg (243 lb) to get to Ceres,^[34] out of a total of 425 kg (937 pounds) of on-board propellant.^[35] All in all, it will perform a velocity change of over 10 km/s, far more than any other spacecraft has done.^[34] Dawn is NASA’s first purely exploratory mission to use ion propulsion engines.^[36]

The Dawn microchip

Onboard Dawn is a small computer microchip bearing the names of more than 360,000 space enthusiasts.^[37] The names were submitted online as part of a public outreach effort between September 2005 and November 4, 2006.^[38] The microchip (about the size of a nickel) was installed above the forward ion thruster, underneath the spacecraft's High Gain Antenna, on May 17, 2007.^[39] More than one microchip was made, with a back-up copy on

References and notes

• 1. ^ Dawn Spacecraft Successfully Launched Sept 27, 2007

  2. ^ "Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report". NASA. 2007-05-11. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/launchingrockets/status/2007/elvstatus-20070511.html.

  3. ^ NASA. "Dawn arrives in Florida". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0704/10dawnarrival/.

  4. ^ "Dawn at Astrotech's Payload Processing Facility". Space and Astronautics News. http://www.space.gs/11-apr-2007-dawn.html.

  5. ^ "Launch of Dawn asteroid mission postponed again". NewScientistSpace. http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn12215-launch-of-dawn-asteroid-mission-postponed-again.html.

  6. ^ "Pad 17 crane to be fixed mid-week". Florida Today. http://www.floridatoday.com/floridatoday/blogs/spaceteam/2007/06/pad-17a-to-be-fixed-mid-week.html.

  7. ^ "Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report". June 18, 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/launchingrockets/status/2007/elvstatus-20070618.html.

  8. ^ "NASA Mission to Asteroid Belt Rescheduled for September Launch". NASA. July 7, 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/news/HQ_07150_Dawn_postpone_Sep.html.

  9. ^ "Dawn Launch Date". NASA launch schedule. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.

  10. ^ "Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report". NASA. September 7, 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/launchingrockets/status/2007/elvstatus-20070907.html.

  11. ^ "NASA's Launch Blog". NASA. September 27, 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/launch/launch-blog.html.

  12. ^ "ULA—One Team for Assured Access to Space" (PDF). ulalaunch.com. http://www.ulalaunch.com/images/product_sheet/Delta_Product_Sheet_FINAL.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.

  13. ^ "NASA's Launch Coverage". NASA. September 27, 2007. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/launch/index.html.

  14. ^ "Dawn Spacecraft Successfully Launched". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/news/dawn-20070927.html.

  15. ^ http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/dawn/DawnJournal_24August08.html

  16. ^ Rayman, Marc D.. "Dawn Journal: December 17, 2007". JPL. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/journal_12_17_07.asp.

  17. ^ Dawn Journal: Aiming away from a bull's eye at Mars

  18. ^ [1]

  19. ^ Framing Camera for Dawn

  20. ^ Science Payload

  21. ^ GRaND science instrument moves closer to launch from Cape

  22. ^ GSpace Topics: Dawn

  23. ^ http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/orbits/fulltraj.jpg

  24. ^ "Frequently asked questions". NASA. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/faqs.asp#. Retrieved on 2008-07-14.

  25. ^ Rayman M. D., Fraschetti T. C., Raymond C. A., Russell C. T. (2006). "Dawn: A mission in development for exploration of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres". Acta Astronautica 58 (11): 605–616. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.01.014.

  26. ^ Ambrosiano, Nancy (2006-03-28). "NASA's Dawn mission is a go". Los Alamos National Laboratory. http://www.lanl.gov/news/index.php/fuseaction/nb.story/story_id/8140. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.

  27. ^ Chang, Alicia (2006). "NASA Asteroid Mission Won't Launch This Year". Space.com. http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap_060121_dawn_hold.html. Retrieved on 2006-03-04.

  28. ^ Clark, Stephen (2006). "Probe built to visit asteroids killed in budget snarl". Spaceflightnow.com. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0603/03dawn/. Retrieved on 2006-03-04.

  29. ^ "NASA reviewing canceled mission". CNN.com. March 16, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/space/03/16/asteroid.mission.ap/index.html. Retrieved on 2006-03-27.

  30. ^ Geveden, Rex (2006). "Dawn Mission Reclama" (PDF). http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/145511main_Dawn_letter.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-03-27.

  31. ^ Malik, Tariq (27 March 2006). "NASA Reinstates Cancelled Asteroid Mission". Space.com. http://space.com/news/060327_dawn_mission.html. Retrieved on 2006-03-27.

  32. ^ "Dawn, Ion Propulsion". NASA. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.

  33. ^ "Dawn, Spacecraft". NASA. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft.asp. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.

  34. ^ ^{a b} "Dawn: Mission description". UCLA Space Physics Center. 2006-10-17. http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/dawn/mission.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.

  35. ^ Watanabe, Susan (2007-07-05). "Dawn: Spacecraft & Instruments". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/spacecraft/. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.

  36. ^ "Dawn Lifts Off". National Geographic Society. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/photogalleries/wip-week48/. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.

  37. ^ "All Aboard the Dawn Spacecraft". JPL.NASA.gov. May 20, 2007. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/DawnCommunity/index.asp. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.

  38. ^ "Send Your Name to the Asteroid Belt". JPL.NASA.gov. November 4, 2006. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/DawnCommunity/Sendname2asteroid/index_asteroid_blt.aspx. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.

  39. ^ "Kennedy Media Gallery". KSC.NASA.gov. May 17, 2007. http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=32165. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.

See also

• Delta II

• Ceres (dwarf planet)

• 4 Vesta

• 2007 in spaceflight

External links

• • Media related to Dawn (spacecraft) at Wikimedia Commons

  • Where is Dawn Now - from JPL, images updated regularly

• Image of current position in Solar System

  • Dawn mission home page at JPL

  • Dawn mission home page at NASA

  • Dawn Website at UCLA Space Physics Center

  • Dawn Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

  • Visual and Infrared Spectrometer Instrument at INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica)

  • Dawn Framing Camera at Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research

  • Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer for Dawn, short paper on the instrument, from 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

• Dawn news coverage.

Spacecraft missions to Mars