Plato's Allegory of the Cave pdf
YouTube - Gendler TedTalk YouTube 1 YouTube 2 YouTube3 YouTube4
How do you know what a chair is? - Essence vs Forms (youtube)
Light and Darkness: Judaism: Chabad, Talmud
Islam: Koran -The Light Sura 24.35
Judeo-Christian: Isaiah 9:2
Epictetus (how to be happy)
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative (right from wrong)
3 maxims:
(1) Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction.
(2) Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
(3) Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends.
Aristotle's Cosmological Argument (Prime Cause) (See book 12.8)
Anselm's Ontological Argument (see Proslogion 3)