Asking the clinical question

Booth, A. (2006). Clear and present questions: formulating questions for evidence based practice. Library hi tech, 24(3), 355-368.

Booth, A., O'Rourke, A. J., & Ford, N. J. (2000). Structuring the pre-search reference interview: a useful technique for handling clinical questions. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 88(3), 239–246.

Cooke, A., Smith, D., & Booth, A. (2012). Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qualitative health research, 22(10), 1435–1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312452938 

Murdoch University. (2025). Using PICO or PICO and other question-building frameworks. https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/systematic/PICO

Richardson, W. S., Wilson, M. C., Nishikawa, J., & Hayward, R. S. (1995). The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP journal club, 123(3), A12–A13. 

Reviewed: 11/05/2026