Standards

• SC.912.L.16.14 Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers during asexual reproduction. 

• SC.912.L.16.8 Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer. 

• SC.912.L.16.16 Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. 

• SC.912.L.16.17 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. Differentiate between the processes of mitosis and meiosis. 

• describe the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction, and the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation. 

• describe specific events occurring in each of the stages of the cell cycle and phases of mitosis. 

• explain how mitosis forms new cells and its role in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. 

• explain how cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle. 

• describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. 

• explain how meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. 

Vocabulary

1. 1. 1. Anaphase - Mitosis Phase where the cells chromosomes are separating and moving towards opposite poles.

      2. Asexual Reproduction - Reproduction via cloning/mitosis

      3. Cancer - Uncontrolled mitotic division due to mutation from genetic or environmental factors 

      4. Cell Cycle - The cycle cells go through as they prepare for division

      5. Chromatid - Half of a chromosome pair during mitosis and meiosis

      6. Chromosome - Bundle of DNA that has been wound tightly to ensure even splitting and prevent loss during mitosis and meiosis. Comprised of two sister chromatids

      7. Crossing Over - Meiosis Prophase. When homologous chromosomes pair in prophase 1 of meiosis and the pair trade pieces of genetic information

      8. Cytokinesis - The pinching of the cytoplasm after Telophase that separates the newly formed cells. 

      9. Diploid - Whole chromosome number. Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic(body) cells

      10. Gametes - Specialized sex cells in sexual reproductive species. Have half th egenetics of the parents. Humans gametes (egg and sperm) have 23 chromosomes

      11. Genetic Variation - The differences in genetic sequences among organisms in the same species

      12. Haploid - Half the chromosome number. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

      13. Homologous Chromosomes - Chromosomes that code for the same genetic traits and pair up during prophase 1 in meiosis

      14. Independent Assortment - Homologous Chromosomes twist and turn before lining up in the middle of the cell during Meiosis 1. Allows for more genetic diversity as the chromosomes are now mixed up 

      15. Interphase - Longest phase of the cell life cycle during which the cell grows, organelles double, and DNA replicates

      16. Meiosis - The creation and division of gametes for sexual reproduction. Reduces the chromosome number to half the normal number

      17. Metaphase - Mitosis phase where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

      18. Mitosis - Creation of a genetically identical cell. This is used for asexual reproduction to create a clone or for replacing old or dead cells in multicellular organisms. 

      19. Mutation - A change in the DNA sequence

      20. Prophase - Mitosis phase where the cell membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense and become visible, and centrioles start to produce spindle fibers and travel to opposite poles

      21. Sexual Reproduction - Reproduction between two individuals that share half their genetic make up to create a genetically unique offspring.

      22. Spores - Protective gamete cells

      23. Telophase - Mitosis phase where cell membranes form around unraveling chromosomes and spindle fibers begin to disintegrate

      24. Zygote - Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid cells.