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Important content:
Important content:
Carbon: the element of life
Properties of carbon compounds
Hydrocarbons
Biomolecules
Plastics
Nomenclature
Formulation
organic chemIstry
organic chemIstry
Carbon [...] has the richest chemistry.
Carbon [...] has the richest chemistry.
Organic chemistry studies the majority of substances containing carbon and their properties.
Carbon: the element of life
Carbon: the element of life
Why is Carbon a key element to sustain life on Earth?
Why is Carbon a key element to sustain life on Earth?
Carbon is important because:
It is abundant in the Earth.
It has 4 valence electrons available for bonding. As a consequence, carbon forms a wide range of covalent bonds and strong and stable molecules.
It can form very long chains called polymers.
Properties of carbon compounds:
Properties of carbon compounds:
The boiling points are low or very low. They easily vaporized as they are volatile.
Are good solvents of substance with the same polarity. That is, nonpolar organic substances dissolve nonpolar compounds and polar organic substances dissolve polar compounds.
Most of the compounds are combustible: they react with oxygen releasing large amounts of energy and forming carbon dioxide, as we can see in right the side image.
Organic substances
Organic substances
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Components: carbon and hydrogen.
Structure: they bond together and form chains of various lenghts that can be linear, branched or form rings.
Uses: as source of energy because its combustion is highly exothermal.
Example: petroleum.
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
Components: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. But some of them also contain other elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. They are synthetisized by living organisms.
Structure: they can form linear, chain, branched and even cyclic structures.
Examples: fats, vitamins, amino acids, and sugars.
Plastics
Plastics
Components: containing carbon, hydrogen and other elements. They are synthetic substances.
Structure: they can form huge chains of molecules, which are very long and branched and can egage in intermolecular forces with one another. They are formed by an endless number of polymers, which are covalently bonded atoms.
FORMULAS
FORMULAS
Three types of formulas:
Three types of formulas:
Molecular. It represents the total number of atoms of each element in one molecule.
Condensed. It represents the bonds in the molecule (between carbons and functional groups).
Structural. It represent in detail the bonds in the molecule. It includes all atoms and bonds.
Atomic and molecular model. It represents the structural model.
How can I know and name An organic moleculA?
How can I know and name An organic moleculA?
An organic molecule is composed by:
The parent chain + functional group+ branch chains
The parent chain is the longest chain of carbon atoms.
The functional group is the characteristic atom or group of atoms which define the physical and and chemical properties of the molecule.
The branch is other carbons attached to the parent chain.
Rules for naming
Rules for naming
Word root: focus on the parent chain
Word root: focus on the parent chain
The longest carbon chain in the molecule is identified. That is, the parent chain.
The numbering is done in the way that the branched carbon atom get the lowest possible number.
The name of the molecule depends on the number of carbon atoms, as written in the right side table.
Suffix: focus on the functional group
Suffix: focus on the functional group
Suffix are used to determine the nature of the bond (simple, double or triple) as shows the table on the right side.
Alkanes
Nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons -> Simple bond
Alkenes
Nomenclature of unsaturated hydrocarbons -> Double bond
2. It also depends on the atoms it is composed. As we can see in the table below. There are different functional groups and differents ways of naming.
Each type of organic compound has a characteristic grouping of atoms which identifies it. it is important to highlight that all of them can be considered as derived from the hydrocarbon methane.
Substitution of the hydroxyl group (―OH) for a hydrogen atom in a methane yields an alcohol
Substitution of a double-bond oxygen atom for two hydrogen atoms of an alcohol gives an aldehyde: C=O. The name aldehyde also suggests “alcohol less hydrogen,”.
Addition of another oxygen atom to an aldehyde yields an organic acid, with the characteristic group COOH.
An ester can be considered as a salt of an acid. In ethyl formate, for example, an ethyl group (C2H5) has been substituted for the hydrogen atom of the characteristic group of formic acid.
Prefix: focus on the branch chain
Prefix: focus on the branch chain
Branch chain hydrocarbons are small chains of carbon atoms attached at one or more carbon atom of the parent chain. These are called alkyl groups. In a certain place of the parent chain it has been removed a hidrogen atom from carbon.
Thus, CH4 becomes a -CH3 and is called methyl group. And alkyl group is named by substituting 'yl' from 'ane' in the corresponding alkane.
The name of the alkyl groups attached as a branch are the prefix.
The position of the substituents is indicated by the appropriate numbers.
If different alkyl groups are present they are listed in alphabetical order.
Likewise, if two or more identical substituent groups are present then the numbers are separated by commas. Moreover, the number of identical groups is indicated by the Greek prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on. These prefixes are not considered in determining the alphabetical order of the substituents. For example, ethyl is listed before dimethyl; the di- is simply ignored. The last alkyl group named is prefixed to the name of the parent alkane to form one word.
See the examples below.
6-ethyl-2-methylnonane
Do you want to create aN organic molecula?
Do you want to create aN organic molecula?
Assess your learning proCESS
Assess your learning proCESS
Building Chemistry
Building Chemistry
PART 3: Creating organic substances
PART 3: Creating organic substances
Each student would have to explain an organic substance according to the conceptual framework of this part. It is important to highlight that you will have to apply the contents of this part. As always: be visual and creative!
And... go further asking more questions on this topic and finding the answers!!!
And... go further asking more questions on this topic and finding the answers!!!
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT ORGANIC FORMULATION
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT ORGANIC FORMULATION
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