Baseball/Softball Review:

Basic Baseball Rules

There's no doubt that baseball and softball are complex games that are tough for a person to learn if they haven't followed it for their entire lives. There are many, many more rules than the ones below, and exceptions to just about every one of them. But so not to confuse a beginner, here's a very quick rundown.

The Game

A baseball/softball game is played by two teams who alternate between offense and defense. There are nine players on each side. The goal is to score more runs than the opponent, which is achieved by one circuit of four bases that are placed on the diamond.

The Equipment

The defense wears baseball/softball gloves, a leather contraption that fits on the hand, to catch the ball. A baseball is a white ball roughly three inches in diameter with red stitching. A softball is roughly twice as big, sometimes yellow (but not soft as the name suggests).

The offense uses a bat, which is made of wood in the professional ranks, and likely made of aluminum or a metal composite at amateur levels. Almost all softball bats are aluminum or metal.

The Field

The part of the field closest to the bases is called the infield, and the grassy farther reaches is called the outfield.

The bases are 90 feet apart on the diamond, closer in children's leagues and softball. Other fields are variable, and the outfield fences or the amount of “foul territory” - the amount of ground that borders the field between the long white lines that connect first base to home plate and third base to home plate – varies from field to field.

Defense: The Positions

There's a pitcher in the middle of the mound who initiates the action by throwing the ball toward home plate. The catcher catches the ball if it's not hit. The infielders are the first baseman, second baseman, shortstop (between second and third base) and the third baseman. There are three outfielders: The left fielder, center fielder and right fielder.

The Game

There are nine innings in professional baseball games (sometimes fewer in lower levels), and each inning is divided in half to the top of the inning (when the visiting team hits and the home team plays defense) and the bottom of the inning (when the home team hits and the visiting team plays defense).

Each team gets three outs in each half of the innings.

On Offense

Each team has nine players in its batting order, and they must stick to that order throughout the game (players may substitute in for other players). A play begins with a batter waiting to hit a pitch from the pitcher. If the batter hits the ball into the field of play, the batter runs to first base and can run to as many bases as he or she deems fit without getting "out."

A batter gets three strikes (a swing and a miss or a ball over the plate in what's deemed the “strike zone” by an umpire) or he or she is out. If there are four balls (a pitch that is not in the “strike zone”), the batter is automatically allowed to go to first base.

When a batter begins running, he or she is then referred to as a "runner". Runners attempt to reach a base, where they are "safe" and can remain on the base until the next hitter comes up. The defensive players attempt to prevent this by putting the runners out using the ball; runners put out must leave the field.

A batter gets a "hit" when he or she reaches a base without getting out, or forcing another runner to get out (and without the defense making an error). Runs are scored when a player completes a circuit of the diamond before there are three outs in the inning.

If a players hits the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory (between the foul lines), it's a home run, and the batter can circle all four bases.

On Defense

There are many ways that the team on defense can get an offensive player out. Four common ways are:

• Strikeouts (hitter misses three pitches)

• Force outs (when, after the ball is hit, the defensive player with the ball reaches a base before the runner)

• Fly outs (when a player hits the ball in the air and it's caught by a defensive player before the ball hits the ground)

• Tag outs (when a runner is touched with the ball, or a glove with the ball in it)

Differences from Softball and Baseball...

The ball. Although both sports use balls, bats and gloves, the size of each differs. Because a softball is significantly bigger than a baseball, those who play softball use bigger gloves and, often, thinner bats. In addition, a softball is not as hard as a baseball.

Pitching. A casual viewer of baseball and softball can immediately recognize a difference in pitching styles in the two sports. A pitcher in baseball throws the ball overhand and a pitcher in softball throws the ball underhand. Baseball pitchers throw from an elevated mound. Softball pitchers throw from a surface level with that of the batter. The softball pitching area is much closer to the batter than the baseball pitching area.

The field. Both sports are played on a field that includes a diamond-shaped, usually dirt, infield and a grass-covered outfield. The size of the diamond, however, differs. This difference in diamond size is caused by a difference in base path length. Standard baseball bases are 90 feet apart. Standard softball bases are 60 feet apart. The distance from home plate to the outfield fences is much shorter in softball, it being more difficult to hit a softball the same distance as a tightly wound baseball.

Rules. Although the basic rules are the same, there are significant differences in addition to the field size. An official baseball game consists of nine innings as opposed to a seven-inning softball game. The leadoff rule also differentiates the two sports. In baseball, the runner may leave the base at any time. This usually involves a short lead off the base with the occasional stolen base attempt. In softball, a runner may not leave the base until the ball is pitched.