Project

About the Project

Prepare an assay report  (max 4-page, double space) about a QM subject of your preference. Particular subjects are suggested in the Cluster Topics section below.
In 2022, we suggest all student to work on any of the topics included in cluster topics 1 to 4:
      Cluster-1     Multiple Particle Interferometry.
      Cluster-2     Modern Quantum Mechanics Experiments
      Cluster-3     Optical Parametric Downconversion (OPD) sources of Entangled Photons 
      Cluster-4     Beam Splitter  and Mach–Zehnder interferometer

Electronic submission of  the assay report is required. 

Deadlines

   Abstract submission:       October 29, 2022                                                          
                                                          Submit ABSTRACT (paragraph outlining what, why and  how are you going to do it), and brief
                                                          tentative "TABLE of  CONTENTS."
                                                          Send it to  andres@pdx.edu

  Presentation (optional):  Starts on Nov 17, 2022 (Just indicate your instructor your preferred day and time)

   Assay report:                          November 29th, 2022. Electronic submission should be sent to  andres@pdx.edu  

Cluster Topics

1. Multiple Particle Interferometry
        D. Greenberger, M. Horne, A. Zeilinger. Multiparticle Interferometry and the Principle of Superposition. Physics Today 46, 22-29 (August 1993).  
        Complementary information
                    (Andres' notes on Multiparticle Interference )
                    Fourth Order Interference (See Section 5.1 in Quantum phenomena in optical interferometry.) 

2. Modern Quantum Mechanics Experiments   Professor Mark Beck webpage      

        2.1    Low-cost coincidence-counting electronics for undergraduate quantum optics   D. Branning,  S. Bhandari, and M. Beck; Am. J. Phys. 77 , 667 (2009)
                    "We present a design of a coincidence-counting module that replaces the traditional method based on time-to-amplitude conversion and pulse-height analysis.
                    Our module accepts inputs from up to four detectors, has a coincidence-time window of less than 10 ns, and has a throughput of more than triple that of the traditional
                    method."
                    This is an interesting paper. Your project would consists in  presenting the method in your own words and making it  accesible to the full class audience
                    Additional information
                    [1]    Coincidence Counting Units built at Dr. Beck's Lab 
                            "The original CCU is based on discrete logic components, while the latest CCU is based on a programmable logic IC (an FPGA). 
                              Both CCUs are significantly cheaper than the NIM electronics used in time-to-amplitude converter based coincidence measurements. 
                              Our CCUs even have higher count rates."  
                    [2]   Coincidence Counting Unit built at PSU
                              Georges M. E. Oates Larsen, "Self-Contained Photon Coincidence Counting with National Instruments myRIO Ecosystem" ,  University Honors Theses.
                              Portland State   University.   https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1140 
                              "We describe the implementation of a Coincidence Counting Unit  based on the (lower cost multipurpose fpga unit) NI myRIO, 
                              which achieves 6.9 ns minimum  guaranteed-distinguishable delay and 32:2 MHz peak coincidence counting rate,
                              with four input channels and simultaneous monitoring of all possible coincidence types."

        2.2    Quantum Optics Laboratories for Teaching Quantum Physics
                    Enrique J. Galvez, Proc. SPIE 11143, Fifteenth Conference on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics: ETOP 2019, 111431A (2 July 2019);
                    doi: 10.1117/12.2523843

        2.3    Proof of the Existence of Photons (the Grangier Experiment)
                    This experiment duplicates the experiment of Grangier, Roger and Aspect [1], in which they demonstrate that if a single photon is incident on a
                    beam splitter, it can only be detected at one of the outputs (not both.)  To quote these authors, "a single photon can only be detected once!"
                    Additional information
                    [1]    P. Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, "Experimental evidence for a photon anticorrelation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on
                              single-photon interferences," Europhys. Lett. 1, 173-179 (1986).
                    [2]    Photon Quantum Mechanics and Beam splitters  
                              C. H. Holbrow, E. Galvez, and M. E. Parks  260 Am. J. Phys. 70, 260 (2002).
                            " ... The absence of D1–D2 coincidences is what we mean when we say the photon exists. Clearly the beam splitter is the heart of the apparatus here."

        2.4     Single Photon Interference
                    This experiment demonstrates that individual photons interfere with themselves when they traverse an interferometer.  We simultaneously
                    measure both the interference and the second-order coherence g(2)(0).  Since we find g(2)(0)<1, this simultaneously demonstrates both particle
                    and wavelike behavior of light.
                    Complementary information
                    [1]    Professor Enrique Galvez,Photon Quantum Mechanics and Beam splitters 
                    [2]    D. Bouwmeester, J. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter and A. Zeilinger. Experimental quantum teleportation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A
                              356, 1733 (1998). 

3. Optical Parametric Downconversion (OPD) sources of Entangled Photons
        There are two ways, referred to as type I and type II, of downcoversion process.
        In type I   the downconverted photons propagate with the same polarization (that is, both photons are extraordinary rays , or both
                              photons are ordinary rays ), and the pump polarization is orthogonal to the downconverted photons.
        In type II, the downconverted photons propagate with opposite polarizations; that is, one photon is an e-ray and the other photon is an o-ray.

                    [1]   On Type-I  A. Migdall. Polarization directions of noncolinear phase matched optical parametric downconversion output.  J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 1093 (1997).
                    [2]    On Type-I: Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons
                              Paul G. Kwiat, Edo Waks, Andrew G. White, Ian Appelbaum, and Philippe H. Eberhard.  Physical Review A 60 R773-R776 (1999).
                              "Using the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a two-crystal geometry, we have generated a source of polarization-entangled
                              photon pairs that is more than ten times brighter, per unit of pump power, than previous sources."
                    [3]   Nonclassical Effects from Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion: Adventures in Quantum Wonderland.
                              Paul G. Kwiat. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley (1993). See Figs 2.1 and 2.2.

                    [4]   Type II:  Proposal for a loophole-free Bell inequality experiment
                              Paul G. Kwiat,  P. H. Eberhard, A. M. Steinberg,  and R. Y. Chiao,  Physical Review A  49,  3209 (1994).
                              "We propose a two-crystal down-conversion source, relying on type-II collinear phase matching, which should permit a violation of Bell's
                              inequalities without the need for supplementary assumptions. As the source can produce a true singlet like state." 
                    [5]   On Type-I and Type-II:   M. L. Fanto, R. K. Erdmann, P. M. Alsing, C. J. Peters and E. J. Galvez. Multipli-entangled photons from a parametric
                              downconversion source. Proc. of SPIE 8057, 805705-1 (In "Quantum Information and Computation IX", edited by E. Donkor, A. R.  Pirich, H. E. Brandt) 2011.

4. Beam Splitter  and Mach–Zehnder interferometer 
                    [1]    Qubit quantum mechanics with correlated-photon experiments
                              E. Galvez, Am. J. Phys. 78 , 510 (2010).

5.   Momentum Entangled Photons 
    - Michael A. Horne, Abner Shimony, Anton Zeilinger. Two-Particle Interferometry. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2209 (1989).
    -  R. Ghosh, C. K. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel    Interference of two photons in parametric down conversion   Physical Review A 34, 3962 (1986).
    - R. Ghosh, L. Mandel. Observation of Nonclassical Effects in the Interference of Two photons. Physical Review Letters 59, 1903 (1987).
    - P. Hariharan and B.C. Sanders. Quantum Phenomena in Optical Interferometry (1996).

6. Quantum Teleportation  
    - Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, Claude Crépeau, Richard Jozsa, Asher Peres, and William K. Wootters. Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895 (1993).
    - Charles H. Bennett. Quantum Information and Computation. Physics Today 48,  24-30 (October 1995).
    - L. Davidovich, N. Zagury, M. Brune, J.M. Raimond, and S. Haroche. Teleportation of an atomic state between two cavities using nonlocal microwave
      fields. Phys. Rev. A 50,  R895(R) (1994).
    - Tycho Sleator' and Harald Weinfurter. Realizable Universal Quantum Logic Gates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4087 (1995).

7. Professor Anton Zeilinger, "Quantum Information and Foundation of Physics" Group. Publications

8.  Coupled-Pendulum Model of the  Stimulated Raman Effect P. R. Hemmer and M. G. Prentiss

9.  Locality, Hidden Variables
    - A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen. Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935).
    - Y. H. Shih and C. O. Alley. New Type of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Experiment Using Pairs of Light Quanta Produced by Optical Parametric
      Down Conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61,2921-2924  (1988).

10.  -  EPR Paradox Timeline
      -  Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, Claude Crépeau, Richard Jozsa, Asher Peres, and William K. Wootters. Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895 (1993).
    -  D. Bouwmeester, J. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter and A. Zeilinger. Experimental quantum teleportation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A  356, 1733
       (1998).
-  Anton Zeilinger, From Quantum Curiosity to Quantum Technology