a. describe some examples of how multicellular organisms respond to changes in their environment

b. describe how the coordinated function of internal systems in multicellular organisms provides cells with requirements for life, including gases, nutrients and water, and removes cell wastes

c. outline some responses of the human body to infectious and non-infectious diseases

d. describe the role of, and interaction between, the coordination systems in maintaining humans as functioning organisms

e. discuss, using examples, how the values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research, eg the occurrence of diseases affecting animals and plants, an epidemic or pandemic disease in humans or lifestyle related non-infectious diseases in humans

a. recall that ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the environment

b. outline using examples how matter is cycled through ecosystems such as nitrogen

c. describe how energy flows through ecosystems, including input and output through food webs

d. analyse how changes in some biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem affect populations and/or communities

e. assess ways that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' cultural practices and knowledge of the environment contribute to the conservation and management of sustainable ecosystems

f. evaluate some examples in ecosystems, of strategies used to balance conserving, protecting and maintaining the quality and sustainability of the environment with human activities and needs

a. relate the organs involved in human reproductive systems to their function

b. identify that during reproduction the transmission of heritable characteristics from one generation to the next involves DNA and genes

c. identify that genetic information is transferred as genes in the DNA of chromosomes

d. outline how the Watson-Crick model of DNA explains:

– the exact replication of DNA

– changes in genes (mutation)

e. describe, using examples, how developments in technology have advanced biological understanding, eg vaccines, biotechnology, stem-cell research and in-vitro fertilisation

f. discuss some advantages and disadvantages of the use and applications of biotechnology, including social and ethical considerations

a. describe scientific evidence that present-day organisms have evolved from organisms in the past

b. relate the fossil record to the age of the Earth and the time over which life has been evolving

c. explain, using examples, how natural selection relates to changes in a population, eg in the development of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and insects to pesticides

d. outline the roles of genes and environmental factors in the survival of organisms in a population