ELA
Spocabulary
Grammar
Parts of Speech
Nouns: A person, place, or thing
Common Nouns -- begins with a lower case letter
Proper Nouns -- gives a name of a specific person, place, or thing.
Pronouns: Takes the place of a noun
1st Person: I, we
2nd Person: you
3rd Person: she, he, it, they
Adjectives: Describes nouns and pronouns
Tells which one, how many, what kind
Verb: Shows action or helps make a statement
Action Verbs -- shows action
Linking Verbs -- links the subject to a word it is equal to later in the sentence.
Examples: is, be, am, are, was, were, become, feel, grow, look, smell, etc.
Helping Verbs -- "helps" a linking or helping verb do the action
Adverb: Describes verbs and adjectives and other adverbs
Normally end in -ly
Not is always an adverb
Tells how, when, where, to what extent
Conjunctions: Joins words, phrases, and clauses
Coordinating Conjunctions -- For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
Subordinating Conjunctions -- Used at the beginning of a dependent clause.
after, since, before, even though, until, unless
Articles: Are a type of adjective
Only 3 articles: a, an, the
Preposition: Shows relationships between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
Lots of times it tells the location of something.
Examples: across , after, against, around, at before, to for, by, near, under, until, etc.
Parts of a Sentence
Subject -- Who or what the sentence is talking about
Simple Subject -- only the subject
Example: The dog barked.
Complete Subject -- the subject and everything about it
Example: The dog barked.
Must be a noun, pronoun, or gerund (the –ing form of a verb that functions the same as a noun)
Can be an "understood you" when in a command.
There and here are never subjects
Predicate -- What the subject is doing (verb)
Simple Predicate -- only the verb
Example: The dog barked loudly.
Complete Predicate -- the verb and everything about it
Example: The dog barked loudly.
Can be an action verb or linking verb, but it must include any helping verbs.
Prepositional Phrase -- Group of words beginning with the preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun.
Look for this first to eliminate words that can't be the subject or direct objects.
Sentence Types
Simple Sentence -- Has only one independent clause
The dog is my best friend.
Compound Sentence -- Has two or more independent clauses. Separated with a comma and coordinating conjunction
The dog is my best friend, and I like to play with him.
Complex Sentence -- Has a combination of independent and dependent clauses. Dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction.
When the dependent clause is first, you must add a comma before you put the independent clause.
Since the dog is my best friend, I like to play with him
When the dependent clause is last, you do not need to add a comma.
I like to play with the dog since he is my best friend
Independent clause = complete thought (makes sense when read alone)
Dependent clause = incomplete thought (does not make sense when read alone)
Declarative Sentence -- Makes a statement. Ends in a period.
The dog is my best friend.
Interrogative Sentence -- Asks a question. Ends in a question mark.
is the dog your best friend?
Imperative Sentence -- Gives a command. Ends in a period or exclamation mark.
Give the dog a bone.
Exclamatory Sentence --Shows strong feelings (It does not show strong action). Ends in exclamation mark.
I love my dog!
Capitalization and Punctuation
Capitalization:
Capitalize beginning of sentence.
Capitalize Proper Nouns
Punctuation:
End of sentence punctuation (See sentence type)
Punctuation Extras
Commas ,
I ate ice cream, tacos, and pizza for lunch.
Semicolon ;
I ran to school; Cooper walked.
Quotation Marks " "
John yelled, "I love school!"
Proofreading Marks
