Thermodynamics
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Distinguish between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes
Describe the dispersal of matter and energy that accompanies certain spontaneous processes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Define entropy
Explain the relationship between entropy and the number of microstates
Predict the sign of the entropy change for chemical and physical processes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
State and explain the second and third laws of thermodynamics
Calculate entropy changes for phase transitions and chemical reactions under standard conditions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Define Gibbs free energy, and describe its relation to spontaneity
Calculate free energy change for a process using free energies of formation for its reactants and products
Calculate free energy change for a process using enthalpies of formation and the entropies for its reactants and products
Explain how temperature affects the spontaneity of some processes
Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants