Until 1964, the United States of America was highly divided. Divided by something more important to the people than red and blue, rich and poor, or north and south. They were divided by black and white. Country wide there was a schism that existed everywhere. From public bathrooms, to real-estate, to public transit, there were physical and psychological dichotomies governing the lives of everyone. This was especially apparent in southern states, like Louisiana. Kids of different races were taught in different schools, rode on different busses, prayed in different churches. Not by choice, but by law.
It wasn’t until 1960 that these practices were challenged. Ruby Bridges, a Mississippi born citizen of Louisiana, was the first African-American to attend a segregated school that would otherwise not have allowed her admission, at the age of 6. Putting a crack in the barriers of segregation, and serving as a catalyst for inclusive society.
She didn’t know how big a step she was taking when she was told by her mother that she’d be transferred to a new school. "I mean the only thing that I was ever told by my parents [was] that I was going to attend a new school and that I should behave." She told NPR in 2010. Of 137 black first graders who applied for the transfer, she was 1 of 5 accepted, and 1 of 4 who attended.
Though challenging the norms of her society wouldn’t come without opposition. The school would be visited by hordes of residents who feared change, and intended to retain their standards. On her first day of class, most students had stopped showing up, leaving an empty classroom entirely comprised of Ruby and her teacher. Angry mobs would soon protest outside the school, wielding hateful signs, and disturbing items, such as a black doll in a child's coffin. Her family would receive constant threats, be refused service at grocery stores, and her father eventually lost his job because of the debacle.
By the next school year she had proven that segregation was obsolete and inhumane, and saw the return of her classmates, and the inclusion of new ones. Even when threatened with death by the peers of her society, this 6 year old girl persevered and became the driving force that successfully maintained desegregation in the south and helped to move the country forward to what we see today, and what we will see more of in the future.
In 2011, Ruby was invited to attend another organization that had seen its share of segregation, the oval office. There, in the white house, is hung a painted depiction of Ruby at her school, a reminder of triumph. During her visit, President Barrack Obama had told her "I think it's fair to say that if it wasn't for you guys, I wouldn't be here today".
Today, Ruby is still working in her community, and still making a change. In 1999, she formed the Ruby Bridges Foundation, an organization that works to popularize "the values of tolerance, respect, and appreciation of all differences", she has also written 3 books, gives speeches throughout the country, and currently has a podcast about social issues.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister, born in Atlanta, Ga. King is most famous for his pivotal role in the civil rights movement in the United States. King fought for equal rights for African Americans. King strived to follow Ghandi's philosophy of nonviolence. King encouraged everyone else to act nonviolent when opposers to change were brutally attacking those who stood for it. In 1955, King was chosen as the leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. After the US Supreme Court had deemed segregation on public buses unconstitutional, King was in the national and international spotlight for his inspirational nonviolent resistance.
Like many other protesters, King had become the target of many white supremacists.
Martin Luther King is most famous for his speech "I have a dream" where he called for peace and equality. He preached his desire for a future in which “this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'”
In 2010, 45 years after her death and 63 years after her conviction, Nova Scotia's government. posthumously awarded Desmond an apology and pardon. Despite everything Desmond had gone through, she has only begun to achieve mainstream recognition in recent years, in large part thanks to Robson's tireless efforts to tell her sister's story. Her sister often travels the world to speak about Desmond.
In 2014, Desmond was honored on a Nova Scotia holiday. That same year, the Canadian Museum for Human Rights unveiled a display dedicated to the legacy of the black rights pioneer. Last year, an outdoor theatre opened in New Glasgow bearing her name.
And then of course on November 19, 2018, Desmond became the first Canadian female to be on the 10 dollar bill.
I wanted everyone to understand the importance of knowing those who made a change in any way and learning more about what they went through for that change and how they empowered so many others.
I think it's important to know what the people who've accomplished or changed history, had to go through just because they had different colored skins. Take Viola Desmond for example, she was only 32 year old when the officers jailed her because she was sitting in an white only section at the Roseland Theater. Desmond only wanted to kill some time while her car was being fixed, she was a businesswoman on her way to Sydney to sell black hair products. But instead she spent the night in jail, the next morning they had tried to be convicted of defrauding the province of one penny, which is the taxe difference between the upstairs and downstairs ticket, which of course Desmond had offered to pay the difference. The same day, Desmond was released, badly bruised, after paying a 20$ fine and a 6$ in court costs. Desmond had tried to bring them to court but ultimately she lost. Even though she had lost, her story and her vigilant activism through the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People were important factors in the eventual abolition of the province's segregation laws in 1954. Though eventually the attention, much of it being negative became too much for her and she left to New York to start fresh. Then she passed away at the age of 50 of internal bleeding.
Lt.-Gov. Mayann Francis holds the hand of Wanda Robson, left, as the government grants a pardon to Robson's sister Viola Desmond in 2010. (The Canadian Press)
Martin Luther King Jr:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/king/biographical/
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr
Ruby Bridges:
https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/14/us/ruby-bridges-desegregation-60-years-trnd/index.html
https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lists/teaching-content/ruby-bridges-book-list/
Viola Desmond:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/viola-desmond-bio-1.3886923
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/viola-desmond-roseland-theatre-nova-scotia-1.3842359