The common schools movement aimed to establish publicly funded and locally controlled elementary schools, accessible to all children. Horace Mann, known as the "father of American education," played a key role in advocating for universal, nonsectarian education.

Thomas Jefferson, a strong advocate for public education, proposed a system of universal education in Virginia, emphasizing the importance of education for maintaining a democratic society. His ideas contributed to the establishment of state-supported educational systems.

Noah Webster, an American lexicographer, grammarian, and language reformer, emphasized the importance of a standardized language and curriculum for education. His spelling books and dictionaries aimed to create a distinct American language and identity.

The mid-19th century saw a significant expansion of the common school movement, driven by social reformers who believed that education could address social issues and contribute to the moral and intellectual development of citizens.

As the common school movement gained traction, the need for trained teachers became apparent. Normal schools, institutions dedicated to teacher training, were established to ensure educators were well-prepared for their roles in the classroom.

Many early American schools incorporated moral and religious education into their curriculum, reflecting the prevailing belief that education should contribute to the moral character of individuals. McGuffey Readers, widely used textbooks, included moral lessons alongside academic content.