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Labor reforms included forming unions to help support workers’ rights, including the 10-hour work day.
Child labor, children working long hours in mines and factories, was recognized as a societal issue.
Labor reform in American history refers to efforts and movements aimed at improving the working conditions, wages, and rights of workers. Here is a summary of key aspects of labor reform:
Early Labor Conditions: In the 19th century, as industrialization took hold, workers faced harsh conditions, long hours, low wages, and little job security. The rise of factories and the growth of industrial capitalism led to the exploitation of labor.
Labor Unions: Workers began forming labor unions to collectively bargain for better conditions. The National Trades' Union, established in 1834, was one of the earliest attempts to organize workers across different trades.
Strikes and Labor Actions: Workers engaged in strikes and labor actions to protest against unfair labor practices. One notable example is the Lowell Mill Girls' Strike in 1834, where textile workers protested wage cuts and increased working hours.
Formation of the Knights of Labor: The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, became one of the largest and most influential labor organizations. It sought to unite all workers, regardless of skill level or industry, and advocated for an eight-hour workday, better wages, and workplace democracy.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): Founded in 1886, the AFL, led by Samuel Gompers, focused on specific skilled trades and pursued goals such as higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions through collective bargaining.
Progressive Era Reforms: During the Progressive Era (late 19th to early 20th century), labor reform gained momentum. Legislation such as the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) and the Adamson Act (1916) aimed to protect workers' rights and promote fair labor practices.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: The tragic Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, where 146 garment workers died due to unsafe working conditions, brought attention to the need for workplace safety regulations.
New Deal Era: The Great Depression prompted the New Deal reforms under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of 1935 facilitated workers' rights to organize and collectively bargain, creating the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to enforce labor laws.
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): This landmark legislation established the minimum wage, maximum working hours, and child labor regulations, setting national standards for fair labor practices.
Post-World War II Labor Movement: The post-World War II period saw a surge in union membership and collective bargaining power. However, by the late 20th century, union membership began to decline due to various factors, including globalization and changes in the economy.
Labor reform in American history has been an ongoing process, shaped by the collective efforts of workers, unions, and legislative initiatives. It has played a crucial role in establishing rights and protections for American workers.