Students as active participants within the instructional framework is essential to learning, and could include a range of components, including classroom discussion and individual and group responses. Ensuring active student participation improves classroom engagement, provides opportunities to elicit correct responses and provide timely feedback, and may decrease inappropriate or disruptive behaviors (2012, Evidence-Based Network). Learn more about the role of active participation and how to integrate it into your instruction.

"In general, research has shown that increasing the rates of OTRs in a classroom leads to positive outcomes for students, including increases in desired social behavior, and increases in academic performance," (Haydon, MacSuga-Gage, Simonsen & Hawkins, 2020). The origins of OTR lie within the premise that when one optimizes instructional pacing, while at the same time maximizing student engagement, students are less likely to be off-task or misbehave (Lane, Menzies, Ennis & Oakes, 2015). Several examples of OTRs are below. For a more in-depth look at the role of Opportunities to Respond within formative assessment, check out our Kansas MTSS & Alignment Behavioral Social Emotional Learning (BSEL) repository page on the subject.