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Who Invented it?
Who Invented it?
You may have heard that a young man named Abner Doubleday invented the game known as baseball in Cooperstown, New York, during the summer of 1839.
Who Was Abner Doubleday?
Doubleday, who was born to a prominent family in upstate New York in 1819, was still at West Point in 1839, and he never claimed to have anything to do with baseball.
What Are Baseball's Real Origins?
The real history of baseball is a little more complicated than the Doubleday legend. Its most direct ancestors appear to be two English games: rounders and cricket.
By the time of the American Revolution, variations of such games were being played on schoolyards and college campuses across the country. They became even more popular in newly industrialized cities where men sought work in the mid-19th century.
In September 1845, a group of New York City men founded the New York Knickerbocker Baseball Club. One of them—volunteer firefighter and bank clerk Alexander Joy Cartwright—would codify a new set of rules that would form the basis for modern baseball, calling for a diamond-shaped infield, foul lines and the three-strike rule. He also abolished the dangerous practice of tagging runners by throwing balls at them.
In 1846, the Knickerbockers played the first official game of baseball against a team of cricket players, beginning a new, uniquely American tradition.
Baseball Expansion
Baseball Expansion
Expansion of 1961 - American League expands to 10 teams.
Expansion of 1962 - National League expands to 10 teams.
Expansion of 1969 - Both leagues expand to 12 teams.
Expansion of 1977 - American League expands to 14 teams.
Expansion of 1993 - National League expands to 14 teams.
Now A Days...
Now A Days...
There are a total of 30 teams in the two leagues: 15 in the National League and 15 in the American. Each consists of three divisions, grouped by geographic location and named "East", "Central" and "West".
A season normally lasts from April to September. Each team plays 162 regular season games. This duration was established in 1961. From 1898 to 1960, 154 matches were played. Originally, the games were played between teams from the same league. In 1997, the Major League Baseball leadership introduced interleague games.
Game Development
Game Development
TEAM AND POSITIONS 2. FIELD 3. GAME 4. OUTS
1.1. Introduction 3.1. Offense
1.2. Attackers 3.2. Defense
1.3. Defenders
1.1. Introduction
There are two teams of nine players in baseball, but there are only 10 players on the field. The number of players of each team that are in the field will depend on if they’re the attackers or the defenders (at the beginning of the match, the visitor team always starts as the attacking team). They change roles when the defenders have eliminated three players of the attackers’ team. The match ends after nine innings (every time a team plays defense and offense, it counts as 1 inning). The team that has scored more runs after the 9 innings, wins the match (if the match ends in tie, they keep playing innings until one team scores more runs than the other).
1.2. Attackers
1.2. Attackers
When it’s the team time to be attackers, there’s only one player on the field:
-THE BATTER: His goal is to hit the ball as far as he can, to have enough time to run through the bases. He’s located in the home base.
1.3. Defenders
When it’s their turn to be defenders, there are 9 of the 9 players on the field (the whole team). Each player has a specific position and task to carry out:
PITCHER
This player is in charge of throwing the ball to the batter in the strike zone (between the batter’s waist and knees).
CATCHER
The mission of this player is to catch the ball in case the batter doesn’t hit it. He can also out players.
BASEMEN
First baseman, second baseman and third baseman, and shortstop: They aim to catch the ball that the batter has hit, and pass it to the player who is the closest to the runner, as fast as possible, so the batter hasn’t got much time to run to a base whithout being eliminated.
OUTFIELDERS
Left fielder, center fielder and right fielder. These players have to catch the high hits made by the batter. If they catch it when the ball hasn’t touched the ground yet, they make an out (the batter is struck out); but if it touches the ground, they have to pass it to the basemen as quickly as possible, so they can touch the baseball pad before the runner does (force out) or touch him with the ball in his hand (tag out).
2. Field
3. Game
3.1 Offense
1- Select a batter and send him to the plate to hit the ball.
2- Decide whether to hit the ball or not.
3.1. If you don’t hit it: If you don’t hit it because you failed at it, it’s called a strike. If you don’t hit it because the pitcher didn’t throw the ball correctly, it’s called ball (if it happens four times, you have to go to the first base. It's called a walk).
3.2. If you hit the ball: If you hit it but it goes behind the foul line, it’s called a foul ball. If you hit a ball (pitcher threw it incorrectly) it’s a strike. If you hit it without swing (the bat must cross your body), that’s also a strike. If you hit it right:
4. Drop the bat and start running as fast as you can (the batter is now called the runner) to the first base and, if you find it safe, keep running until you reach other bases.
5. If you don’t get tagged out (eliminated, I’ll explain it later), you have to steal bases. So, when the pitcher throws the ball to the next batter, you have to run to another base (if you find it safe to). There can only be a runner at a time in each base. You can also steal bases when the pitcher hasn’t thrown the ball yet, but it would be too dangerous because you could get easily eliminated, and many leagues don’t allow base stealing until the ball has crossed the home plate.
6. Some plays that you can make:
-Home run: This happens when the batter hits the ball so hard that it lands over the fence in fair territory, so he scores a run. If there already were other runners on the bases, they also score runs; it's called a grand slam.
-Double: The batter hits the ball so well that he's able to reach the second base without being out.
-Triple: It's the same as the double, but the runner is able to reach the third base.
3.2. Defense
1. First, the pitcher throws the ball into the strike zone.
2. If everything goes alright and he throws it ok, and the batter hits it right, the next thing the team has to do is to catch the ball as fast as possible, so they can get the chance to eliminate runners.
-If the outfielders catch it before it hits the ground, it’s an out (the runner is eliminated).
-If they catch the ball after it hits the ground, they must pass it to the player who is closer to the runner, so that they can tag/force him out (eliminate him).
3. Some defense plays:
-To tag runners out: This happens when a defensive player has the ball in his hand (he has caught it or someone has thrown it to him) and he touches the runner with his hand.
-To force runners out: This happens when a baseman “blocks” the base by stepping on it with the ball in his hand, so the runner can't get there and he’s out.
-Double play: It's a play in which the defenders are able to out two players in a single play.
-Triple play: It's a play in which the defenders are able to out three players in a single play.
4. Outs
Now, I’m going to summarize all the main ways that you can be eliminated/out:
-Strikeout (3 to be eliminated):
-If you don’t hit the ball (the throw was all right).
-If you hit a ball (the pitcher threw it out of the strike zone).
-If you hit the ball and it goes behind the foul line (foul ball). Pd: If you haven’t committed any strike and you make a foul ball, it counts as a strike. If you already have strikes, it doesn’t count.
-If you hit a ball without swinging.
-If the fielders catch the ball before it touches the ground.
-Force out: The players pass the ball to a baseman or the shortstop, so they can block the base (they have to step on the pad). This usually happens in the first base.
-To tag out: A baseman or shortstop touches the runner with the ball in his hand.
RULES AND VIOLATIONS
RULES
The first club of baseball was created by Alexander Cartwright and his friends in 1842. They wrote the first rules of this game.
THE PLAYING AREA
The playing area is often referred to as a baseball diamond due to its shape. It consists of the pitcher´s mound, the batter´s box, 3 bases, the shortstop, an infield, and an outfield.
-The game has got 9 innings and the winner is the team that makes the most runs.
-The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter and the batter has to try to hit the ball and send it as far as possible.
- If the batter hits the ball, he has to run to the bases to try to make a run.
-In the other team, if the outfielders catch the ball in the air, they eliminate the batter.
-The objective of the basemen is to eliminate the batters blocking the bases. They only can do this having the ball.
VIOLATIONS
-STRIKES: A strike is a fault that you commit when you are the batter and you have missed the ball 3 times.
-BALL: A ball occurs when the pitcher throws the ball incorrectly 4 times, in consequence, the batter has to go to the next base.
-FOUL BALL: This happens when the batter kicks the ball out of the foul line.
STRIKE
FOUL BALL
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