BIOLOGY 11- Citadel High School

Course Description

The purpose of the Biology 11 program is to explore the diversity and unity of life.  The underlying concepts provide connections between units of study, fostering an awareness of the tremendous impact of biology and technology upon society.  

Biology 11 consists of the following four units of study:

Unit 1: Matter and Energy for Life --30% 

Cells are introduced as the basic units of life.  This unit investigates the role of cell structures in matter exchange and energy flow and recognizes the impact of technology on our understanding of cell structures and processes.

Unit 2: Biodiversity --25% 

The vast diversity of living things necessitates an organized system for their classification and study.  This unit provides a thorough investigation and overview of life’s unity and diversity within the biosphere.

Unit 3: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium I --35% 

All living things struggle to maintain an internal balance in response to the constant pressure of external phenomena.  This unit investigates the role of the various body systems such as the immune system, the respiratory system and the circulatory system in the maintenance of homeostasis.

Unit 4: Interactions within Ecosystems --10% =UNIT PROJECT- Not on the final Exam. 

Ecosystems involve complex interactions between living things and between living things and their environment.  This unit investigates the role of these interactions on population dynamics and the flow of energy within ecological systems.  The assessment for this unit will be in the form of a research project.  

Biology 11

Exam Outline

Learning outcomes are statements indicating what students should know or be able to do upon completion of a particular unit of study.  

Unit 1: Matter and Energy for Life  (Chapters 1-3)

Development of Cell Theory

1. Distinguish between abiogenesis and biogenesis.

4. State the cell theory.

5. Explain how the evolution of cell theory influenced the abiogenesis vs. biogenesis debate.

Use of the Microscope

6. List the parts of the light microscope and their respective functions.

7. Be able to effectively use the light microscope to

• Prepare live or preserved specimens for examination.

• Observe and draw specimens at a variety of magnifications.

• Determine the actual size of specimens and the magnification of their drawn images.

8. Explain what is meant by the term resolution. 

10. Distinguish between the light microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope.

Cell Structure and Function

11. Explain why the size of cells is limited.

12. State the features that are common to all cells.

13. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

14. State the function of each of the cell organelles.

15. Explain the structural and functional differences between typical plant and animal cells.

16. Explain how cell structures interact to carry out specific life functions for the cell.

17. Explain the structure of the cell membrane.

Exchange of Materials between the Cell and its Environment

18. Distinguish between passive and active transport mechanisms.

19. Explain the importance and functioning of the following passive transport mechanisms.

• Diffusion

• Osmosis

-  in hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions

• Facilitated Diffusion

20. Explain the importance and functioning of the following active transport mechanisms.

• Carrier protein-based active transport

• Endocytosis

-  Pinocytosis

-  Phagocytosis

• Exocytosis

The Role of Enzymes in Cells

1. Understand the ways in which enzymes can affect the  processes that take place in cells

Energy and Cells

25. Explain the mechanisms of enzyme activity and regulation in cellular metabolism.

26. Understand the requirement of all organisms for energy

27. Distinguish between the two principal methods by which organisms obtain energy

• Autotrophy (manufacture of own food)

• Photosynthesis

• Chemosynthesis

• Heterotrophy (consumption of other organisms or substances produced by them to obtain chemical energy)

28. Define photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

29. Write a balanced chemical equation for both processes and explain why they are considered to be complementary processes.

30. Explain how the two processes cycle matter.

31. Describe how photosynthetic pigments convert light into chemical energy.

32. Explain how energy captured from light is converted into glucose (Calvin Cycle)

33. Describe how chemical energy in the form of glucose is transformed into other forms of energy required by organisms through the process of cellular respiration.

34. Explain the roles of glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle and the electron transport system in the process of aerobic respiration.

35. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration with anaerobic respiration in primitive organisms (yeast cells) and advanced organisms (humans). 

36. Outline the role of the ADP - ATP cycle in both photosynthesis and respiration.

Unit 2: Biodiversity   (Chapters 18 – 20) 

Classification

1. Define taxonomy

2. State the contribution of Aristotle and Linnaeus to the science of taxonomy.

3. Explain binomial nomenclature and the rules for its implementation.

4. Explain how and why the system of nomenclature in use today was developed.

5. List the seven main levels in the classification hierarchy.

6. Name the six kingdoms and state the main characteristics of each.

7. Devise and use a multistage classification system and a dichotomous key.

8 Be able to interpret and use phylogenetic trees.

Viruses

9. Explain why viruses are not placed in the five kingdom classification system.

10. Draw and label a virus with all possible parts.

11. give the size range of viruses.

12. Summarize the features that viruses have in common with living things and the features that set them apart from living things.

14. Explain the different mechanisms or pathways by which viruses operate within cells and the relationship between them.

• the lytic pathway

• the lysogenic pathway

15. Differentiate between different viral types: DNA viruses and RNA viruses 

Kingdom Monera

16. Define microbiology.

17. State the principal characteristics of members of the kingdom Monera.

18. Explain the differences between the Eubacteria and the Archaebacteria.

19. Explain why some taxonomists think that the Archaebacteria should be considered as a sixth kingdom.

20. State the common and scientific names for the three basic shapes of bacteria and be capable of drawing them.

21. Describe the arrangement that the following prefixes describe in relation to bacteria:  strepto..., staphylo..., diplo..., tetra...,  

22. List the modes of nutrition found in bacteria.

23. List the methods of respiration found in bacteria.

24. Differentiate between a strict (obligate) aerobe/anaerobe and a facultative anaerobe.

25. Describe the most common form of reproduction in bacteria.

26. Draw and label a typical bacterial cell.

Kingdom Protista

27. Explain why this kingdom has been the hardest to define.

28. State the characteristics of the kingdom Protista.

29. Name the three distinct subgroups that make up the Protista (according to Nelson).

30. State the main characteristics of each of the three phyla that make up the Protista.

31. Explain the principal similarities and differences between the Monera and the Protista.

32. State the characteristics by which the Protista are classified.

33. Explain why the contractile vacuole evolved in some protists but not others.

34. Summarize the modes of nutrition found in this kingdom and the subgroups in which each is found.

35. Describe the main characteristics of the representative organisms:  euglena, paramecium and amoeba.

36. Draw and accurately label euglena, paramecium and amoeba.

Kingdom Fungi

37. State the principal characteristics of the kingdom Fungi.

38. Explain why Fungi have been classified as a separate kingdom.

Kingdom Plantae

43. State the characteristics of the kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Animalia

54. State the principal characteristics of the kingdom Animalia.

55. Name the two main subgroups of the kingdom and summarize the differences between them.

56. Explain the origin of the three germ layers in developing embryos.

57. Describe the transformation undergone by each germ layer during development of an embryo.

58. Distinguish between the blind sac and the tube within a tube body plans found in animals.

59. Differentiate between protostome and deuterostome.

60. Explain the structural differences between acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate animals.

61. Name and explain the types of body symmetry found in the animal kingdom.

62. Relate the type of symmetry exhibited by an animal to its mode of locomotion.

63. Explain the evolutionary benefits of cephalization in the higher, mobile animals.

64. State the main characteristics of the phyla making up the kingdom Animalia.

65. Draw a phylogenetic tree for the kingdom Animalia.

Unit 3: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium I  (Chapters 6 – 7)

Respiratory System

1. Name the two gases typically involved in gas exchange.

2. Explain how simple organisms and plants carry out gas exchange.

3. State how gas exchange takes place in larger, more advanced organisms.

4. Explain Negative Pressure Breathing.

Circulatory Systems in General

1. Define circulation and explain its purpose.

2. Explain the processes equivalent to circulation in single-celled organisms like amoeba.

3. List the three components found in all animal circulatory systems.

4. Name and explain the differences between the two types of circulatory systems found in the animal kingdom.

5. Describe an open circulatory system vs closed 

6. Name three lines of evolutionary change that occur in the circulatory systems of vertebrates as one goes from primitive to more advanced creatures.

The Human Circulatory System

7. Label a diagram of the human heart and state the function of each part.

8. Explain how blood flows through the heart.

9. Explain how double circulation works and compare it to single circulation.

10. Differentiate between systole and diastole and explain the role of each in heart action.

11. Define blood pressure.

13. Explain the functions of arteries, capillaries and veins.

14. State the purpose of the lymphatic system.

The Immune System

1. Understand the importance of the immune system

2. Give the composition of blood, specifically

• Cells and cell parts found in the blood (red blood cells, “white” blood cells, platelets)

• Plasma constituents

3. Explain differences among human blood groups including

• ABO groups

• Rhesus factor +/-

7. Describe how the immune system is able to “defeat” different classes of pathogens

8. Understand the mechanism of action of “incurable” diseases such as HIV

9. Explain how immunity is maintained after infections have been subdued.

Phew!! That is it for the Final Exam :)