Singular means one person or thing. Plural means more than one person or thing. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s. Nouns that end in s, sh, ch, x, and z are made plural by adding -es.

Verbs describe actions or states of being.

Every complete sentence contains a verb.

Past tense forms of most action verbs are made by adding -ed (walked). Sometimes the final consonant is doubled (stopped). Sometimes a final e is dropped (waved). Sometimes y is changed to i before -ed is added (worried).

Temporal words signal event order. For example, immediately, meanwhile, and now tell readers when events take place.

Writers use commas before or after dialogue when they include a speech tag such as he said or she said. The speaker's words are always enclosed in quotation marks.

Instead of explaining or describing an action, state of being verbs tell about what someone or something is. Main state of being verbs include: is, am, are, was, and were.

Irregular verbs change to new words in their past forms. For example, creep becomes crept in its past tense form.

Past tense verbs are used to refer to actions that are finished or happened in the past. To form the past tense with verbs that end with y, the y is changed to i before -ed is added.

Pronouns are words that can be used in place of nouns in sentences. Common pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them.