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What is S Phase?
What is S Phase?
S phase also known as the synthesis phase, is where the cell duplicated its DNA to prepare for division. The cell spends a short amount of time in this phase when compared to interphase. (Science Direct, S Phase Overview, 2023)
Steps of DNA Replication:
Steps of DNA Replication:
- Unwinding:
The helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA double Helix, which forms a replication fork.
SSBs (Single-strand binding proteins) stabilize and help keep the strands open.
(Science Direct, S Phase Overview, 2023)
2. Base Pairing:
2. Base Pairing:
DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides ( A pair with T, C pairs with G).
The leading strand is synthesized continoucly, while the lagging strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments.
(Science Direct, S Phase Overview, 2023)
3. Joining:
3. Joining:
New DNA strand form, resulting in two identical DNA molecules
(Science Direct, S Phase Overview, 2023)
Key Idea: Accurate DNA replication ensures that genetic information is passed to daughter cells!! After this phase their is a checks point to make sure the genetic information is replicating correctly!! (Science Direct, S Phase Overview, 2023)
Bibliography:
Image Citations:
Pokemon Cards- Images made by Microsoft Copilot:
Helicase Prompt: Create an image that shows characteristics of the protein Helicase: The image should include a DNA molecule, and the protein should share characteristics of a Pokemon; the Pokemon should hold a zipper in its hand and act like it's unzipping the DNA molecule.
Topoisomerase Prompt: Create an image of a pokemon that represents the enzyme topoisomerase. This enzyme prevents supercoiling, so create a pokemon that is holding a medicine bottle that acts like medicine to prevent DNA from supercoiling.
RNA Primase: Create an image of a pokemon that represents the enzyme RNA Primase. This enzyme provides a building block for DNA strands. Make a pokemon that has a lot of hands to show how the RNA primase adds parts to the DNA molecule.
Nucleotide Triphosphate: This nucleotide provides energy for the DNA replication to work. Create a Pokemon that is electric and full of energy.
DNA polymerase 111: This enzyme adds the correct nucleotide to the base, so create a pokemon that has many helps that change out the nucleotide base for the correct thing.
Lagging Strand: This strand is the lagging strand because it moves in a 5' to 3' direction. Create a pokemon that is lazy and lagging.
Leading Strand: The strand is always ahead and gets the work done; create a Pokemon that is energic and right at work.
DNA Ligase: This enzyme is the gap sealer and glues down ozaki fragments. Create a Pokemon that shows this and is ready to do work try and make the Pokemon hold a glue bottle in it's hand.
Exonuclease: This enzyme is a correcter; create a pokemon that is holding a magnifying glass in it's hand and make it look like it's trying to find an error in the DNA molecule.
DNA Polymerase 1: The enzyme corrects the RNA primer with the correct nucleotid base; create a Pokemon that shows this and make it look like it's fixing it's mistakes; try and add a wand with sparkles around it.
Single-stranded binding proteins: This protein helps keep open the replication fork; create a pokemon that shows this and try to make it look like its opening the DNA; try and make it look like a king.
Image Hyperlinks:
University of Leicester- S phase
Socratic- Unwinding
Ditki medical- Base pairing
Quizlet- Joining
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